ch3 bioenergetics of exercise and training

Question 1

bioenergetics def

Answer 1

the flow of energy in a biological system

Question 2

bioenergetics is primarily concerned with…

Answer 2

the conversion of carbohydrate, protein, and fats into biologically usable forms of energy

Question 3

the breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules associated with the release of energy is called…

Answer 3

catabolism

Question 4

the synthesis of larger molecules from smaller molecules can be accomplished using using energy from…

Answer 4

catabolic reactions

Question 5

they sythesis of larger molecules from smaller molecules is called…

Answer 5

anabolism

Question 6

exergonic reactions are

Answer 6

energy releasing reactions and are generally catabolic

Question 7

endergonic reactions require energy and include…

Answer 7

anabolic processes and muscle contraction

Question 8

metabolism is the…

Answer 8

total of all the catabolic /exergonic and anabolic / endergonic reactions in a biological system

Question 9

energy derived from catabolic / exergonic reactions is used to…

Answer 9

drive anabolic / endergonic reactions through an intermediary molecule, adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 10

ATP allows the transfer of energy from ….

Answer 10

exergonic to endergonic reactions

Question 11

ATP is composed of…

Answer 11

adenosine

3 phosphate groups

Question 12

adenosine is the combenation of…

Answer 12

adenine (nitrogen containing base)

ribose (five carbon sugar)

Question 13

the breakdown of one molecule of ATP to yield energy is known as…

Answer 13

hydrolysis (because it requires one molecule of water)

Question 14

myosin ATPase is the

Answer 14

enzyme that catalyzes ATP hydrolysis for crossbridge recycling

Question 15

calcium ATPase is the enzyme that

Answer 15

catalyzes ATP hydrolysis for pumping calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 16

the energy released primarily from ATP and secondarily from ADP results in…

Answer 16

biological work

Question 17

ATP is classified as a …

Answer 17

high energy molecule

Question 18

muscle cells store a —– amount of ATP

Answer 18

limited

Question 19

what are the three basic energy systems to replenish ATP?

Answer 19

phosphagen system

glycolysis

oxidative system

Question 20

anaerobic processes…

Answer 20

do not require the presence of oxygen

Question 21

aerobic processes require the presence of

Answer 21

oxygen

Question 22

the phosphagen and glycolytic systems are …

Answer 22

anaerobic mechanisms

Question 23

phosphagen and glycolysis occure in

Answer 23

the sarcoplasm of a muscle cell

Question 24

the Krebs cycle, electron transport, and the rest of the oxidative system occur in

Answer 24

the mitochondria of muscle cells

Question 25

of the three macronutrients, only carbohydrates can be ...

Answer 25

metabolized for energy without the direct involvement of oxygen

Question 26

carbohydrate is critical during what kind of metabolism?

Answer 26

anaerobic

Question 27

all three energy systems are active...

Answer 27

at any given time

Question 28

the magnitude of contribution of each energy system to overall work performance is primarily and secondarily dependent on...

Answer 28

primarily dependent on INTENSITY OF ACTIVITY and secondarily dependent on THE DURATION OF THE ACTIVITY

Question 29

the phosphagen system provides ATP primarily for...

Answer 29

short term, high intensity activities - resistance training - sprinting

Question 30

the phosphagen system is highly active at the start of...

Answer 30

all exercise regardless of intensity

Question 31

the phosphagen system relies on the hydrolysis of ATP and the breakdown of

Answer 31

creatine phosphate

Question 32

creatine phosphate is a

Answer 32

high energy molecule

Question 33

another name for creatine phosphate (CP)

Answer 33

phosphocreatine (PCr)

Question 34

the enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from CP and ADP

Answer 34

creatine kinase

Question 35

creatine phospate supplies a ------that combines with ADP to replenish ATP

Answer 35

phosphate group

Question 36

creatine phosphate is stored in ---- amounts, so cannot be the primary ---

Answer 36

small energy source for continuous, long duration activities

Question 37

the body stores how much ATP at any given time?

Answer 37

80-100 g (about 3 ounces)

Question 38

ATP stores cannot be completely depleated due to

Answer 38

the necessity for basic cellular function

Question 39

under normal circumstances, skeletal muscle concentrations of CP are -----higher than ATP concentrations

Answer 39

4-6 x

Question 40

type 2 muscle fibers contain a higher concentration of ----than type 1

Answer 40

creatine phosphate (CP)

Question 41

adenylate kinase, myokinase is an

Answer 41

enzyme that, like creatine phosphate, can rapidly replenish ATP ----\> ATP + AMP

Question 42

AMP, a product of adenylate kinase, is important because

Answer 42

it is a powerful stimulant of glycolysis

Question 43

the reactions of the phosphagen system are largely controlled by...

Answer 43

the law of mass action (the mass action effect)

Question 44

what is the law of mass action (the mass action effect)?

Answer 44

the concentrations of reactants or products (or both) in solution will drive the direction of the reactions.

Question 45

how does the law of mass action affect the phosphagen system?

Answer 45

as ATP is hydrolyzed to yield energy, there is a transient increase in ADP and P concentrations in the sarcolema... this will increase the rate of the creatine kinase and adenylate kinase reaction to replenish the ATP supply

Question 46

glycolysis is the...

Answer 46

breakdown of carbohydrates - either glycogen stored in teh muscle or glucose delivered in the blood - to resynthesize ATP

Question 47

the process of glycolysis involves ------, so is not as rapid as the single-step phosphagen system

Answer 47

multiple enzyme reactions

Question 48

glycolysis vs phosphagen system ability to produce ATP

Answer 48

glycolysis has a much higher capacity to produce ATP due to the large availability of glycogen and glucose as compared to CP

Question 49

glycolysis occurs in the

Answer 49

sarcoplasm

Question 50

-----is the end result of glycolysis

Answer 50

pyruvate

Question 51

pyruvate may proceed in one of two directions...

Answer 51

1) pyruvate can be converted to lactate in the sarcoplasm 2) pyruvate can be shuttled into the mitochondria