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CSCS TEST > ch 2 biomechanics of resistance exercise > Flashcards

ch 2 biomechanics of resistance exercise Flashcards

1
Q

study of the mechanisms through which the musculoskeletal components interact to create movement

A

biomechanics

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2
Q

muscle origin

A

proximal attachment-toward the center of the body less mobile (anchor)

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3
Q

muscle insertion

A

distal attachment more mobile

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4
Q

type of attachment where muscle is directly affixed to the bone (usually at proximal attachment over a wide area)

A

fleshy attachment

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5
Q

attachments that are continuous with both the muscle sheaths and CT surrounding the bone

A

fibrous attachments

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6
Q

types of fibrous attachments

A

tendons, ligaments

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7
Q

the muscle most directly involved in bringing about movement

A

prime mover agonist

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8
Q

a muscle that can slow or stop the movement of an agonist is called…

A

antagonist

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9
Q

muscles that assist in joint stabilization and in breaking at the end of a rapid movement

A

antagonist

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10
Q

a muscle that assists indirectly in a movement

A

synergist

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11
Q

muscles that don’t act through levers

A

face muscles, tongue, heart

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12
Q

1st class lever def and draw

A

a lever for which the muscle force and resistive force act on opposite sides of the fulcrum

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13
Q

fulcrum

A

the pivot point of a lever

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14
Q

lever

A

a rigid or semirigid body that, when subjected to a force whose line of action does not pass through its pivot point, exerts force on any object impeding its tendancy to rotate

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15
Q

mechanical advantage

A

the ratio of moment arm through which an applied force acts to that through which a resistive force acts

represented as a ratio of greater than 1.0 (allows the applied muscle force to be less than the resistive force to produce an equal amount of torque

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16
Q

mechanical advantage < 1.0

A

one must apply greater muscle force than the amount of resistive force present (creating a mechanica disadvantage)

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17
Q

moment arm (torque arm, force arm, lever arm)

A

the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the fulcrum

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18
Q

muscle force

A

force generated by biomechanical activity or the stretching of noncontractile tissue, that tends to draw opposite ends of a muscle toward eachother

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19
Q

resistive force

A

force generated by a source external to the body (gravity,enertia,friction) that acts contrary to muscle force

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20
Q

second class lever def and draw

A

a lever for which the muscle force and resistive force act on the same side of the fulcrum with the muscle force acting on a longer fulcrum than that of the resistive force

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21
Q

example of a first class lever muscle

A

triceps

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22
Q

example of 2nd class lever muscle

A

calf muscles

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23
Q

the greater the mechanical advantage, the

A

less force needed to resist external forces

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24
Q

third class lever def and draw

A

a lever for which the muscle force and resistive force act on the same side of the fulcrum, with the muscle force acting through a moment arm shorter than that of the resistive force

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25
Q

torque (moment)

A

the degree to which a force tends to rotate an object about a specific fulcrum

the magnitude of a force times the length of its moment arm

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26
Q

example of a 3rd class lever system in the body

A

biceps

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27
Q

most muscles that rotate the lims about body joints opperate at a mechanical

A

disadvantage

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28
Q

internal muscle forces are much—–than the forces exerted by the body on external objects

A

greater

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29
Q

mechanical advantage changes during real world activities….give an example

A

biceps curle…the resistive moment arm changes throughout the movement

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30
Q

tendon insertion and mechanical advantage

A

a person whose tendons are inserted on the bone farther from the joint center shoud be able to lift heavier weights

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31
Q

tendons that insert farther from the joint are stronger, but they also have …

A

a loss of maximum speed because the muscle has to contract more to make the joint move through a given ROM

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32
Q

draw saggital, frontal, and transverse planes

33
Q

important sports movements not usually incorporated into standard resistance training programs

A

internal/external shoulder rotation (throwing, tennis)

knee flexion (sprinting)

hip flexion (sprinting, kicking)

ankle dorsiflexion (running)

hip ABD, ADD (lateral cutting)

torso rotation (throwing,batting)

neck movements (boxing, wrestling)

34
Q

strength def

A

the ability to exert force

35
Q

change in velocity per unit time

A

acceleration

36
Q

force equation

A

F=MA

Newton’s second law

37
Q

power def

work def

A

the time rate of doing work

where work is defined as:

the product of the foce exerted on the object and the distance the object moved

38
Q

work equation

A

work= force x displacement

39
Q

power equation

A

power= work/time

40
Q

force is measured in

41
Q

distance is measured in

42
Q

work is measured in

A

joules, newton-meters, or Nm

43
Q

time is measured in

44
Q

power is measured in

45
Q

when force is exerted on a weight in the direction opposite to the one in which the weight is moving (as when a weight is lowered in a controlled manner), calculated power and work ….

A

have a negative sign

46
Q

angular displacement

A

the angle through which an object rotates

47
Q

angular displacement is measured in

48
Q

1 radian (rad) =

A

180 degrees / pie = 57.3 degrees

49
Q

angular velocity is measured in

A

radians per second

rad/s

50
Q

equation for rotational work

A

work= torque x angular displacement

51
Q

Strength can be slow or fast…it is the capacity to exert force at…

A

any given velocity

52
Q

power is the

A

mathmatical product of force and velocity, whatever the speed.

53
Q

neural control affects the maximal force output of a muscle by determining…

A

RECRUITMENT

which and how many motor units are involved in a muscle contraction

RATE CODING

the rate at which motor units are fired

54
Q

RATE CODING

A

THE RATE AT WHICH MOTOR UNITES ARE FIRED

55
Q

MUSCLE RECRUITMENT

A

WHICH AND HOW MANY MOTOR UNITES ARE RECRUITED FOR CONTRACTION

56
Q

A FORCE A MUSCLE CAN EXERT IS RELATED TO ITS—-RATHER THAN TO ITS—-

A

CROSS SECTIONAL AREA RATHAR THAN TO ITS VOLUME

57
Q

PENNATE MUSCLE FIBERS ALIGN

A

OBLIQUELY WITH THE TENDON

58
Q

ANGLE OF PENNATION

A

THE ANGLE BETWEEN THE MUSCLE FIBERS AND AN IMAGINARY LINE BETWEEN THE MUSCLES ORIGIN AND INSERTION

59
Q

THE ANGLE OF PENNATION—–AS THE MUSCLE SHORTENS

60
Q

WHEN ARE THE MAXIMAL NUMBER OF CROSS BRIDGE SITES AVAILABLE?

A

WHEN THE MUSCLE IS AT RESTING LENGTH

61
Q

THE MUSCLE CAN GENERATE ITS GREATEST FORCE AT…

A

RESTING LENGTH

62
Q

THE FORCE CAPABILITY OF A MUSCLE DECREASES AS…

A

VELOCITY OF CONTRACTION INCREASES

63
Q

3 TYPES OF MUSCLE ACTION

A

CONCENTRIC MUSCLE ACTION

ECCENTRIC MUSCLE ACTION

ISOMETRIC MUSCLE ACTION

64
Q

CONCENTRIC MUSCLE ACTION

A

THE MUSCLE SHORTENS

BIKING AND SWIMMING INVOLVE CONCENTRIC MUSCLE ACTION ALMOST EXCLUSIVELY

65
Q

ECCENTRIC MUSCLE ACTION

A

THE MUSCLE LENGTHENS BECAUSE CONTRACTILE FORCE IS LESS THAN RESISTIVE FORCE

LOWERING PHASE OF A RESISTANCE EXERCISE

66
Q

ISOMETRIC MUSCLE CONTRACTION

A

THE MUSCLE LENGTH DOES NOT CHANGE BECAUSE THE CONTRACTILE FORCE IS EQUAL TO THE RESISTIVE FORCE

67
Q

ISOKINETIC TRAINING

A

SPEED OF MOVEMENT REMAINS CONSTANT

68
Q

SMALLER ATHLETES ARE —- POUND FOR POUND THAN BIGGER ATHLETES

69
Q

CLASSIC FORMULA

A

COMPARES STRENGTH BETWEEN DIFFERENT WEIGHT CLASSES

LOAD LIFTED / BODY WEIGHT TO THE 2/3 POWER

70
Q

MOST COMMON SOURCES OF RESISTANCE FOR STRENGTH TRAINING EXERCISES

A

GRAVITY

INERTIA

FRICTION

FLUID RESISTANCE

ELASTICITY

71
Q

GRAVITY

A

THE DOWNWARD FORCE ON AN OBJECT FROM THE PULL OF GRAVITY

= OBJECT’S MASS X GRAVITY

72
Q

ADVANTAGES OF WEIGHT MACHINES

A

SAFETY

DESIGN FLEXIBILITY

EASE OF USE

73
Q

ADVANTAGES OF FREE WEIGHTS

A

WHOLE BODY TRAINING

SIMULATION OF REAL LIFE ACTIVITIES

74
Q

INERTIAL FORCE CAN ACT IN…

A

ANY DIRECTION

75
Q

INERTIA AND ACCELERATION PATTERN

A

THE AGNOIST MUSCLES PROVIDE FORCE IN ACCESS OF THE BAR WEIGHT EARLY IN THE MOVEMENT, BUT LESS THAN THE BAR WEIGHT LATE IN THE MOVEMENT

76
Q

BECAUSE OF INERTIA, HEAVIER WEIGHTS CAN BE USED IN…

A

ACCELERATIVE EXERCISES AS COMPARED TO SLOW EXERCISES

77
Q

ACCELERATION MAKES RESISTANCE PATTERNS..

A

LESS PREDICTABLE

CSCS TEST (3 decks)

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