CH3 Flashcards
A Greco-Egyptian mathematician, astronomer, geographer and astrologer during about 150 AD.
Claudius Ptolemy
a book on astronomy and star catalogue, which represents the Geocentric model of the universe.
Almagest (by Claudius Ptolemy)
The earth is the center of the universe and does not move from its position
The Almagest
There are two types of motion in the heavens (according to almagest)
- The stars moving steadily
- The sun, moon and planets moving in a more complex way
A Polish astronomer, Mikolaj Kopernik, studied law and medicine in University of Bologna and was a canon in Fraunberg, Poland.
Nicolaus Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus conducted most of his astronomical observations and calculations there and his observations were made with the __ __ as the invention of the telescope would not occur for decades after his death.
naked eye
Copernican System
- The Earth’s center is not the center of the Universe.
- The center of the universe is near the Sun.
- The rotation of the Earth accounts for the apparent daily rotation of
the stars. - The apparent annual cycle of movements of the Sun is caused by the
Earth revolving around it. - The apparent retrograde motion of the planets is caused by the motion
of the Earth from which one observes.
An Italian astronomer and
philosopher who not only supported
heliocentrism but also proposed that
space was infinite, that our solar system
was one of many, and that other inhabited
worlds with intelligent beings might exist.
Giordano Bruno
An Italian mathematician, physicist, and
astronomer, discovered Jupiter’s moons in
1610, supporting the Copernican model. He
improved the telescope, proving
heliocentrism, but was condemned as a
heretic by the Catholic Church for publishing
his findings.
Galileo Galilei
Among his work (Galileo Galilei) in ___ was the discovery of relations among velocity, distance and acceleration using the scientific approach.
physics
A Danish nobleman, astronomer,
and alchemist known for his highly precise
astronomical observations before the
invention of the telescope.
Tycho Brahe
Tycho Brahe developed ____ that
allowed him to measure the positions of
celestial bodies with unprecedented
accuracy.
instruments
A hybrid model of the universe
that combined elements of both
geocentrism and heliocentrism
Tychonic System
Tychonic System
- The Earth remains stationary at the
center of the universe. - The Sun orbits the Earth. All other
planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars,
Jupiter, and Saturn) orbit the Sun. - The stars are fixed on a distant
celestial sphere that rotates around
the Earth.
A German astronomer, proved with
mathematical calculations that planets
move in elliptical orbit.
Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler formulated the Laws of Planetary Motion. His findings were among the foundations of Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation. He became an assistant of Tycho Brahe. (TRUE OR FALSE)
TRUE
An English mathematician, physicist,
and astronomer, was a key figure of the
Scientific Revolution
Isaac Newton
He formulated the laws of motion
and universal gravitation, advanced optics,
and invented calculus, proving Kepler’s
laws mathematically.
Isaac Newton
An English naturalist, biologist and
geologist. His is known for his theory of
evolution. He made a thorough study,
journeyed on many places in the world
allowing him to observe the diversity of
species, made hundreds of experiments of
his theories for 20 years and found
repeatable results.
Charles Darwin
Formulated in Darwin’s book, _____, states that organisms
evolve over time through heritable
physical or behavioral changes, adapting to
their environment for survival.
On the Origin of Species
It is not the strongest of the species
that survives, nor the most intelligent that
survives. It is the one that is most
adaptable to change.
Theory of Natural Selection
Darwin proposed on his book ____ that humans and
modern primates share a common ancestor that lived a million years of
ago
The Descent of Man
While modern monkeys continued evolving in their own way, our
ancestors developed traits like upright walking and larger brains, eventually
leading to Homo sapiens (True or false)
True
An Austrian neurologist and the
founder of psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
is a therapeutic
technique for people with emotional
difficulties by talking to the patient, with
the goal of bringing unconscious material
into consciousness. It is general theory of
human behavior and experience.
Psychoanalysis
Fundamental Structures of Human
Mind
Id
Ego
Superego
the unconscious, instinctual part of
the mind, present at birth, and driven by
the pleasure principle, seeking
immediate gratification of desires and
needs. When unmet, it leads to anxiety.
Id
the conscious, rational part of the
mind that balances the id’s desires with
reality, allowing for delayed gratification
and socially appropriate behavior.
Ego
represents societal and
parental influence, shaping an
individual’s sense of right and wrong.
Emerging around age five, it guides
moral judgment.
Superego
Superego has two parts
Conscience
Ego ideal
guilt and remorse for bad
behavior
Conscience
standards of behavior the
ego strives to achieve.
Ego ideal
