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ch.3 Flashcards

1
Q

4 functions of the plasma membrane

A
  • physical isolation
  • regulation of exchange
  • sensitivity to environment
  • structural support
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2
Q

hydrophilic head of phospholipid bilayer

A

face outward to the watery environments of the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid (cytosol)

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3
Q

hydrophobic tail of phospholipid bilayer

A

form the inside core of the membrane and act as a barrier to ions and water-soluble compounds

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4
Q

3 components of the glycocalyx

A
  • proteoglycans
  • glycoproteins
  • glycolipids
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5
Q

4 functions of the glycocalyx

A
  • lubrication & protection
  • anchoring specialized cells
  • specificity in binding
  • recognition
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6
Q

receptor proteins

A

bind and respond to ligands

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7
Q

carrier proteins

A

bind and transport specific solutes

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8
Q

channels

A

integral proteins that permit water and small solutes to flow

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9
Q

gated channels

A

open and close to regulate passage of substances

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10
Q

cytoplasm

A

contains materials between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

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11
Q

cytosol

A

intracellular fluid where organelles and inclusions are held

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12
Q

organelles

A

internal structures with specific functions

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13
Q

inclusions

A

insoluble material inside cells

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14
Q

cytoskeleton

A

provides shape, strength and flexibility

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15
Q

microfilaments

A
  • composed of actin
  • provide mechanical strength
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16
Q

3 contents of the cytoskeleton

A
  • microfilaments
  • intermediate filaments
  • microtubules
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17
Q

intermediate filaments

A

strengthen the cell and maintain its shape

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18
Q

microtubules

A
  • hollow tubes of tubulin
  • form the spindle apparatus during cell division
  • form the centrioles and cilia
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19
Q

microvilli

A

finger-shaped projections that increase surface area for absorption

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20
Q

centrioles

A
  • form spindle apparatus during cell division
  • located in the centrosome
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21
Q

centrosome

A

microtubule-organizing center

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22
Q

cilia

A

extensions of the plasma membrane containing microtubules

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23
Q

ribosomes

A

synthesize proteins

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24
Q

proteasomes

A

contain proteases which break down proteins

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25
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

has ribosomes that modifies and packages proteins

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26
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates

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27
Q

golgi apparatus

A

stores and packages secretory products

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28
Q

lysosomes

A

vesicles containing digestive enzymes that remove damaged organelles or pathogens

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29
Q

peroxisomes

A

vesicles containing enzymes that break down toxic compounds like fatty acids

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30
Q

mitochondria

A

produce 95% of the ATP used by cells

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31
Q

3 functions of the nucleus

A
  • controls cellular metabolism
  • stores and processes genetic info
  • controls protein synthesis
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32
Q

genetic code

A
  • sequence of bases (A, T, C, G)
  • DNA instructions of how to build proteins
  • 3 bases=1 amino acid
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33
Q

transcription

A

synthesis of RNA from a DNA template

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34
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

carries the transcribed info for the sequence of amino acids in a protein from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

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35
Q

translation

A

synthesis of a polypeptide based on the instructions in mRNA

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36
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

delivers amino acids during translation

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37
Q

mutation

A

permanent changes in a cell’s DNA that affect the nucleotide sequence and can result in changes in proteins

38
Q

passive process & 3 types

A
  • no energy required
  • diffusion
  • osmosis
  • facilitated difusion
39
Q

active process & 3 types

A
  • requires energy in the form of ATP
  • active transport
  • endocytosis
  • exocytosis
40
Q

simple diffusion

A

allows lipid-soluble compounds to cross the lipid portion of the membrane

41
Q

channel-mediated diffusion

A

allows water-soluble compounds to pass through a membrane channel

42
Q

osmosis

A
  • net diffusion of water across a membrane that is permeable to water
  • water diffuse towards the solution with higher solute
43
Q

osmotic pressure

A

the force with which pure water moves into a solution

44
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

the pressure that opposes the osmotic pressure

45
Q

isotonic solution

A

equal concentration of solute as the cell

46
Q

hypotonic solution

A
  • has lower solute concentration than the cell
  • causes the cell to swell and may rupture (hemolysis)
47
Q

hypertonic solution

A
  • has higher solute concentration than the cell
  • causes the cell to shrink (crenation)
48
Q

carrier-mediated transport

A

transport across specialized integral membrane proteins

49
Q

symport (cotransport)

A

two substances move in the same direction at the same time

50
Q

antiport (countertransport)

A

two substances move in opposite directions

51
Q

types of carrier-mediated transport

A
  • facilitated diffusion
  • active transport
  • primary active transport
  • secondary active transport
52
Q

facilitated diffusion

A
  • diffusion through specialized carrier proteins
  • passive
  • for large molecules or insoluble in lipid
  • carrier protein changes shape
53
Q

active transport

A

uses energy (ATP) to move substrates against concentration gradient

54
Q

primary active transport

A

pumps solutes against concentration gradient using ATP

55
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A
  • type of primary active transport
  • pumps 3 Na ions out for every 2 K ions in (more sodium outside, more potassium inside)
56
Q

secondary active transport

A
  • uses established gradient from primary to move solutes
  • ex. Na gradient drives glucose into cells
57
Q

endocytosis

A

imports materials packages into vesicles

58
Q

vesicular transport

A

materials move in or out of cell in vesicles

59
Q

3 types of endocytosis

A
  • receptor-mediated
  • pinocytosis
  • phagocytosis
60
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

receptors (glycoproteins) bind the target molecules (ligands)

61
Q

pinocytosis

A
  • bring fluids and small molecules into cell
  • “cell drinking”
62
Q

phagocytosis

A
  • phagosomes bring particles into cell
  • “cell eating”
63
Q

exocytosis

A

exports intracellular materials

64
Q

membrane potential

A
  • results from unequal distribution of positive and negative charges across the membrane
  • indicates that the inside is more negative than outside
65
Q

cell death

66
Q

cell life cycle

A
  • interphase
  • prophase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telophase
  • cytokinesis
67
Q

interphase

A
  • the period between 2 cell divisions
  • G1: duplication of organelles
  • S: DNA replication, synthesis of histones
  • G2: protein synthesis
68
Q

M phase

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

69
Q

mitosis

A

duplication of chromosomes and separation into 2 sets

70
Q

cytokinesis

A
  • division of cytoplasm
  • produces 2 daughter cells
71
Q

early prophase

A
  • 2 pairs of centrioles
  • astral rays and spindle fibers
  • chromatin condenses & chromosomes become visible
72
Q

late prophase

A

chromosome with 2 chromatids

73
Q

metaphase

A

chromatids align at metaphase plate

74
Q

anaphase

A

2 daughter chromosomes are pulled in opposite directions along the spindle apparatus

75
Q

telophase

A
  • nuclear membranes re-form
  • chromosomes uncoil
  • cleavage furrow
76
Q

mitotic rate

A
  • rate of cell division
  • slower rate=longer life
  • muscle and nervous cells rarely divide
  • skin and GI cells are replenished
77
Q

how can cell division be stimulated

A
  • internal factors (M-phase promoting factor, MPF)
  • extracellular chemical factors (growth factors)
78
Q

how can cell division be inhibited

A
  • repressor genes
  • short telomeres (DNA segments that shorten throughout cell divisions)
79
Q

benign tumor

A

remains within the tissue where it originated

80
Q

tumor

A

a madd produced by abnormal cell growth and division

81
Q

malignant tumor

A

aggressive tumor that spreads into tissues

82
Q

primary and secondary tumor

A
  • primary: tumor of origin
  • secondary : spread of malignant cells from primary (metastasis)
83
Q

cancer

A

caused by mutations in genes that cause cell growth, differentiation, or division

84
Q

mutagens

A

agents that cause mutations

85
Q

carcinogens

A

cancer-causing agents

86
Q

cellular differentiation

A

turning off of genes which allows for the formation of different cell types

87
Q

codons

A

determines the sequence of amino acids

88
Q

anticodons

A

a sequence of nucleotides in tRNA that matches with a codon from mRNA

89
Q

introns

A

noncoding sections of RNA transcript

90
Q

exons

A

sections of DNA that code for proteins

a&p (5 decks)

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