ch. 1 Flashcards
anatomy
the study of internal and external body parts and their physical relationships
physiology
the study of how living things perform their functions
relationship between anatomy and physiology
anatomical structures support their physiological functions
human anatomy
the study of the human body
gross anatomy
examines large structures visible with the naked eye
surface anatomy
anatomy of body surface
regional anatomy
anatomy of specific body areas
sectional anatomy
relationship of body structures by examining cross-sections
systemic anatomy
anatomy of organ systems
clinical anatomy
anatomy used in clinical practice
pathological anatomy
anatomical changes during illness
radiologic anatomy
anatomical structures seen using
imaging techniques
surgical anatomy
anatomical landmarks important in
surgery
developmental anatomy
anatomical changes from fertilization to adulthood
micro anatomy
examines structures that can only be seen using magnification
cytology
study of the structure of cells
histology
study of the structure of tissues
human physiology
the study of the function of the human body
cell physiology
study of the function of cells and their chemical processes
organ physiology
study of the function of specific organs
systemic physiology
study of function of organ systems
pathological physiology
study of effects of diseases on organs or systems
level of organization (6) from least to most complex
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
name the organ system:
- skin
- hair
- sweat glands
- nails
integumentary
name the organ system:
- bones
- cartilages
- ligaments
- bone marrow
skeletal
name the organ system:
- skeletal muscles and tendons
muscular
name the organ system:
- brain
- spinal cord
- nerves
nervous
name the organ system:
- pituitary gland
- thyroid gland
- pancreas
- adrenal gland
- gonads
endocrine
name the organ system:
- heart
- blood
- blood vessels
cardiovascular
name the organ system:
- spleen
- thymus
- lymphatic vessels
- tonsils
lymphatic
name the organ system:
- nasal cavities
- sinuses
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- lungs
- alveoli
respiratory
name the organ system:
- teeth
- tongue
- pharynx
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine
- liver
- gallbladder
- pancreas
digestive
name the organ system:
- kidneys
- ureters
- bladder
- urethra
urinary
name the organ system:
- testes
- prostate
- penis
- scrotum
male reproductive
name the organ system:
- ovaries
- uterine tubes
- uterus
- vagina
- labia
- clitoris
- mammary glands
female reproductive
origin of anatomical and physiological terms
greek or latin roots
significance of standardizing terms
to avoid miscommunication
anterior/ventral
front view
posterior/dorsal
back view
prone
body facing down
supine
body facing up
proximal
toward the point of attachment
distal
away from the point of attachment
lateral
away from midline
medial
toward midline
superficial
near body surface
deep
toward interior of the body
cranial/cephalic
toward the head
caudal
toward the tail
frontal/coronal plane
divides body or organ into anterior and posterior (front and back)
sagittal plane
divides body or organ into left and right
midsagittal plane
lies in the middle
parasagittal plane
offset from the middle
transverse plane
divides the body or organ into superior and inferior (cross section)
3 contents of the thoracic cavity
- pleural cavities
- pericardial cavities
- mediastinum
pleural cavity
surrounds the lungs
pericardial cavity
surrounds the heart
mediastinum
contains the pericardial cavity
3 contents of the abdominopelvic cavity
- abdominal cavity
- pelvic cavity
- peritoneal cavity
peritoneal cavity
space within the abdominopelvic cavity lined with peritoneum
2 contents of the peritoneal cavity
- parietal peritoneum
- visceral peritoneum
parietal peritoneum
lines the internal body wall
visceral peritoneum
covers the organs
retroperitoneal space
- located in the abdominal cavity
- area between the parietal peritoneum and the back of the muscular body wall
- contains the pancreas and kidneys
pelvic cavity
- contains reproductive organs, rectum, and bladder
- contains the inferior peritoneal cavity
infraperitoneal space
- located in the pelvic cavity
- contains bladder, distal portion of ureters, and large intestine
homeostasis
stable internal environment
autoregulation
automatic, local response to an environmental change in a cell, tissue, or organ
extrinsic regulation
responses of organ systems controlled by the nervous system or the endocrine system
parts of homeostatic regulatory mechanism
receptor, control center, effector
receptor
a sensor that detects the stimulus or change
control center
receives and processes the information and sends commands
effector
carries out the commands of the control center
negative feedback
the response of the effector negates the original stimulus (ex. regulating body temp)
positive feedback
stimulus produces a response that amplifies the original change (ex. blood clotting, child birth)i
organ systems involved in regulating body temp
- integumentary
- muscular
- cardiovascular
- nervous
