CH3 Flashcards
cognition involves several process including?
attention, memory, perception and learning.
what is knowledge ?
- Knowledge is a familiarity, awareness, or understanding of someone or something,
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design Implication for attention
- make information salient when it needs attending to
- Use techniques that makes things stand out like colour, ordering, spacing, underlining, sequencing and animation
- avoid cluttering the interface : cluttering the interface may overwhelm the user.
what are the techniques to guide attention?
- Partition screen using windows
- colors
- Alerting techniques
- spatial / temporal cues (الاشارات الزمانيه والمكانيه)
how to guide attention for different priorities of information?
- Important information : needs immediate attention
- less urgent information : less prominent but specific
- Information not needed very often : don’t display it
what are the other coding and visual attention guiding techniques?
- Differing intensity
- shapes
- colors
- underlining
- Character size and font
- movement
- sound or synthesized speech
design implication for perception and recognition?
- representation of information need to be designed to be perceptible and recognizable
- Icons and other graphical representations should enable users to readily distinguish their meaning
- Bordering and spacing are effective visual ways of grouping information
- sounds should be able audible and distinguishable
- speech output should enable users to distinguish between the set of spoken words
- Text should ne legible and distinguishable form the background
- people take less time to locate items for information that was grouped
Design Implication for Memory?
- don’t overload user’s memories with complicated procedures for carrying out tasks
- constant danger of overloading STM with unnecessary info.
- Provide users with variety of ways of encoding digital information to help them remember where they have stored these information
(provide cues to help user recognize rather than recall information) - Provide External representations at the interface that reduce memory load and facilitate computational offloading.
- Visualization of information designed to allow people to make sense and rapid decisions about masses of data.
Implication of learning?
- designing interface that encourages exploration
- designing interface that constrain and guide users to select appropriate actions
How to reduce memory load?
Externalizing
- use external resources to store information such as:
- Diaries, reminders, calendars, nots shopping lists, todo lists
- external representations :
- that remind us we need to do something.
- remind us of what to do.
- remind us when to something.
how people connect their actions with screen displays ?
through repetitive patterns of actions
how the design can help users use the device or software?
must provide consistencies (and patterns ) that help the user learn to use the device
good examples for things that help automatic learning?
- User actions comes in patterns always involves the same numbers of steps
- Consistence and standards
why avoiding the use of potentially dangerous repetitive patterns of users actions
- automatic learning may lead to a disaster how ?
- Sequence of confirmation steps that require 20 yes an 2 no
- the user may keep press yes at all the steps
Design Implication for READING SPEAKING AND LISETENING?
- keep the length of speech-based menus and instruction to a minimum
- people find it hard to follow spoken menus with more than three or four options
- providing the opportunity of making text large on screen without affecting the formatting for people find it hard to read small text
Design Implication for Problem solving, planning, reasoning, and decision making?
Provide additional hidden information that is easy to access for users who wish to understand more about how to carry an activity more effectively
what is PIM?
the need of the users to organize their information : documents images ..etc
what is major problem?
the major problem is deciding where and how to save them all, then remembering what they were called and where to find them again.
what is mental model?
help users develop an understanding of a system through learning and using it
users develop an understanding of a system through learning and using it
