ch28 biodiversity

Question 1

3 domains and 6 kingdoms

Answer 1

3 domains:
-Bacteria
-Archaea
-Eukarya

6 kingdoms:
-Eubacteria (Bacteria, Prokaryotes)
-Archaebacteria (Archaea, Prokaryotes)
-Protista (Eukarya, Eukaryotes)
-Fungi (Eukarya, Eukaryotes)
-Plantae (Eukarya, Eukaryotes)
-Animalia (Eukarya, Eukaryotes)

Question 2

Kingdom Eubacteria

Answer 2

-bacteria, cyanobacteria
-unicellular organism, microscopic
-exist in air, water, soil or inside other organisms
-some causes diseases (e.g. cholera)
-cell wall made by peptidoglycan
-enclosed by capsule
-have flagellum for locomotion

Question 3

Kingdom Archaebacteria

Answer 3

-unicellular organism
-structures similar to bacteria but cell membrane and cell wall are chemically different
-most live in extreme environment, some live in environments lacking oxygen

Question 4

Kingdom Protista

Answer 4

-can be unicellular or multicellular
-includes all organisms which are not classified into other kingdoms
-some are animal-like, some are plant-like
-e.g. algae, protozoa, slime mold
-slime mold: unicellular Amoeba-like cells in feeding stage, looks like fungi in reproductive stage

Question 5

Kingdom Fungi

Answer 5

-multicellular
-made up of a single cell or thread-like structures called hyphae
-hyphae can be interwoven into mushroom-like structures called mycelium
-cell wall made up of chitin
-no roots, stem or leaves
-saprophytic or parasitic (feed on dead organisms or non-living organic matter, or attach and absorb nutrients from host plant)
-live in soil or inside other organisms
-e.g. bread mold, yeast (absorbs sugar from surrounding for growth), mushroom

Question 6

Kingdom Plantae

Answer 6

-have cellulose cell wall
-green plants contain chloroplasts
-carry out photosynthesis (autotrophic nutrition)
-vascular plants or non-vascular plants

Question 7

Kingdom Animalia

Answer 7

-no cell wall
-cannot produce own food
-vertebrates (Phylum Chordata) or invertebrates

Question 8

viruses

Answer 8

-not classified into any kingdoms
-extremely tiny, can only be observed by electron microscope
-no cell membrane, nucleus, or cytoplasm
-e.g. flu, covid, AIDS

Question 9

vertebrates (Phylum Chordata)

with a backbone

Answer 9

-Fish (Class Pisces)
-Amphibians (Class Amphibia)
-Reptiles (Class Reptilia)
-Birds (Class Aves)
-Mammals (Class Mammalia)

Question 10

invertebrates

without a backbone

Answer 10

-Cnidarians (Phylum Cnidaria)
-Annelids (Phylum Annelida)
-Echinoderms (Phylum Echinodermata)
-Molluscs (Phylum Mollusca)
-Arthropods (Phylum Arthropoda)

Question 11

Fish (Class Pisces)

vertebrates

Answer 11

-bodies covered with slimy scales
-fins for movement
-gas exchange with gills
-live in water
-most lay eggs, external fertilisation
-poikilotherms (cannot control body temperature)
-e.g. sharks, goldfish, salmon, seahorse

Question 12

Amphibians (Phylum Amphibia)

vertebrates

Answer 12

-live in both water and land
-wet, slimy naked skin
-no scales
-have 4 limbs when adult
-gas exchange with lungs and skin when adult, gas exchange with gills when young
-external fertilisation in water
-poikilotherms
-e.g. frogs, toad, salamander

Question 13

Reptiles (Class Reptilia)

vertebrates

Answer 13

• skin covered in dry hard scales
  -breathe with lungs
  -internal fertilisation
  -poikilotherms
  -e.g. turtle, tortoise, snake, lizard

Question 14

Birds (Class Aves)

vertebrates

Answer 14

-have feathers on bodies and dry scales on legs
-most can fly with wings
-have beaks and breathe with lungs
-internal fertilisation
-lay eggs
-homoiotherms
-e.g. eagle, duck, owl, penguin

Question 15

Mammals (Class Mammalia)

vertebrates

Answer 15

-female has well-developed mammary glands for feeding the young
-have oily skin covered with hair
-breathe with lungs
-internal fertilisation, the young develops inside the mother’s bodies
-homoiotherms
-e.g. human, pandas, dolphin

Question 16

Cnidarians (Phylum Cnidaria)

invertebrates

Answer 16

-hollow-bodied animals
-bodies composed of two layers of cells
-radial symmetry
-have tentacles with stinging cells
-only one opening which is the mouth and anus
-e.g. jellyfish, corals, sea anemones

Question 17

Annelids (Phylum Annelida)

invertebrates

Answer 17

-segmented-bodied animals
-bilateral symmetry
-elongated body
-cuticle on body surface
-have chaetae (hair-like structure for movement) (except leeches)
-e.g. leeches, earthworms

Question 18

Echinoderms (Phylum Echinodermata)

invertebrates

Answer 18

-spiny-skinned marine animals
-adults show five-way radial symmetry (pentamerous)
-calcareous shells on surface
-no head
-e.g. sea urchin, starfish, sea cucumber

Question 19

Molluscs (Phylum Mollusca)

invertebrates

Answer 19

-soft-bodied animals
-usually bilaterally symmetrical
-soft and fleshy

can be further divided into:
Gastropods (Class Gastropoda):
-live on land and water
-asymmetrical
-one coiled shell
-large flat foot for locomotion
-head eyes and sensory tentacles
-e.g. snail, slug, whelk

Bivalves (Class Bivalvia):
-aquatic
-bilateral symetry
-two shells joined at the hinge
-foot for burrowing in sand or mud
-no tentacle
-e.g. oyster, clam

Cephalopods (Class Cephalopoda)
-aquatic
-bilateral symmetry
-shell often reduced, internal or absent
-adapted for fast swimming
-tentacles with suckers, well developed eyes, horny beak
-e.g. cuttlefish, squid, octopus

Question 20

Arthropods (Phylum Arthropoda)

invertebrates

Answer 20

-jointed appendages and hard shells

Can be further classified into:
Crustaceans (Class Crustacea)
-more than 4 pairs of jointed appendages
-head and thorax usually fused together
-usually aquatic and breathe with gills
-2 pairs of antennae
-compound eyes
-e.g. crab, lobster

Class Myriapoda
-1 pair of antennae
-compound eyes
-mainly terrestrial
-clearly defined heads
-many body segments
-e.g. centipedes, millipedes

Arachnids (Class Arachinida)
-head and thorax not distinctly separate
-no antennae
-simple eyes
-4 pairs of walking legs
-e.g. spider, scorpion

Insects (Class Insecta)
-1 pair of antennae
-compound eyes and simple eyes
-well-defined head, thorax, abdomen
-3 pairs of legs
-1 or 2 pairs of wings on thorax
-metamorphosis
-e.g. butterfly, bee, grasshopper

Question 21

vascular plants

Answer 21

-flowering plants
-ferns
-conifers

Question 22

non-vascular plants

Answer 22

-mosses

Question 23

flowering plants

vascular plants

Answer 23

can be further divided into:
monocotyledonous plants (monocots)
-1 cotyledon in the seed
-parallel leaf veins
-pollen grain has 1 furrow
-vascular tissues arranged randomly
-mostly herbs
-e.g. grass, orchid, maize
dicotyledonous plants (dicots)
-2 cotyledon in seed
-network of veins on leaves
-pollen grain has 3 furrows
-vascular tissues arranged in a ring pattern
-mostly trees, shrubs, herbs
-e.g. sunflower, water lily, roses

Question 24

ferns

vascular plants

Answer 24

-found in damp places
-has chlorophyll, roots, stems, leaves, vascular tissues
-produce spores for reproduction
-e.g. horsetails, tree ferns, eagle ferns

Question 25

conifers

vascular plants

Answer 25

-large plants with roots, stem, leaves, vascular tissues
-needle-shaped leaves
-produce naked seeds in cones
-e.g. pine

Question 26

mosses

non-vascular plants

Answer 26

-found in damp and shady places
-stem and leaves only, no roots
-no vascular tissue
-have simple rhizoids for attachment and water absorption
-produce spores for reproduction

Question 27

dichotomous key

Answer 27

for identifying organisms