ch28 biodiversity Flashcards
3 domains and 6 kingdoms
3 domains:
-Bacteria
-Archaea
-Eukarya
6 kingdoms:
-Eubacteria (Bacteria, Prokaryotes)
-Archaebacteria (Archaea, Prokaryotes)
-Protista (Eukarya, Eukaryotes)
-Fungi (Eukarya, Eukaryotes)
-Plantae (Eukarya, Eukaryotes)
-Animalia (Eukarya, Eukaryotes)
Kingdom Eubacteria
-bacteria, cyanobacteria
-unicellular organism, microscopic
-exist in air, water, soil or inside other organisms
-some causes diseases (e.g. cholera)
-cell wall made by peptidoglycan
-enclosed by capsule
-have flagellum for locomotion
Kingdom Archaebacteria
-unicellular organism
-structures similar to bacteria but cell membrane and cell wall are chemically different
-most live in extreme environment, some live in environments lacking oxygen
Kingdom Protista
-can be unicellular or multicellular
-includes all organisms which are not classified into other kingdoms
-some are animal-like, some are plant-like
-e.g. algae, protozoa, slime mold
-slime mold: unicellular Amoeba-like cells in feeding stage, looks like fungi in reproductive stage
Kingdom Fungi
-multicellular
-made up of a single cell or thread-like structures called hyphae
-hyphae can be interwoven into mushroom-like structures called mycelium
-cell wall made up of chitin
-no roots, stem or leaves
-saprophytic or parasitic (feed on dead organisms or non-living organic matter, or attach and absorb nutrients from host plant)
-live in soil or inside other organisms
-e.g. bread mold, yeast (absorbs sugar from surrounding for growth), mushroom
Kingdom Plantae
-have cellulose cell wall
-green plants contain chloroplasts
-carry out photosynthesis (autotrophic nutrition)
-vascular plants or non-vascular plants
Kingdom Animalia
-no cell wall
-cannot produce own food
-vertebrates (Phylum Chordata) or invertebrates
viruses
-not classified into any kingdoms
-extremely tiny, can only be observed by electron microscope
-no cell membrane, nucleus, or cytoplasm
-e.g. flu, covid, AIDS
vertebrates (Phylum Chordata)
with a backbone
-Fish (Class Pisces)
-Amphibians (Class Amphibia)
-Reptiles (Class Reptilia)
-Birds (Class Aves)
-Mammals (Class Mammalia)
invertebrates
without a backbone
-Cnidarians (Phylum Cnidaria)
-Annelids (Phylum Annelida)
-Echinoderms (Phylum Echinodermata)
-Molluscs (Phylum Mollusca)
-Arthropods (Phylum Arthropoda)
Fish (Class Pisces)
vertebrates
-bodies covered with slimy scales
-fins for movement
-gas exchange with gills
-live in water
-most lay eggs, external fertilisation
-poikilotherms (cannot control body temperature)
-e.g. sharks, goldfish, salmon, seahorse
Amphibians (Phylum Amphibia)
vertebrates
-live in both water and land
-wet, slimy naked skin
-no scales
-have 4 limbs when adult
-gas exchange with lungs and skin when adult, gas exchange with gills when young
-external fertilisation in water
-poikilotherms
-e.g. frogs, toad, salamander
Reptiles (Class Reptilia)
vertebrates
- skin covered in dry hard scales
-breathe with lungs
-internal fertilisation
-poikilotherms
-e.g. turtle, tortoise, snake, lizard
Birds (Class Aves)
vertebrates
-have feathers on bodies and dry scales on legs
-most can fly with wings
-have beaks and breathe with lungs
-internal fertilisation
-lay eggs
-homoiotherms
-e.g. eagle, duck, owl, penguin
Mammals (Class Mammalia)
vertebrates
-female has well-developed mammary glands for feeding the young
-have oily skin covered with hair
-breathe with lungs
-internal fertilisation, the young develops inside the mother’s bodies
-homoiotherms
-e.g. human, pandas, dolphin
Cnidarians (Phylum Cnidaria)
invertebrates
-hollow-bodied animals
-bodies composed of two layers of cells
-radial symmetry
-have tentacles with stinging cells
-only one opening which is the mouth and anus
-e.g. jellyfish, corals, sea anemones
Annelids (Phylum Annelida)
invertebrates
-segmented-bodied animals
-bilateral symmetry
-elongated body
-cuticle on body surface
-have chaetae (hair-like structure for movement) (except leeches)
-e.g. leeches, earthworms
Echinoderms (Phylum Echinodermata)
invertebrates
-spiny-skinned marine animals
-adults show five-way radial symmetry (pentamerous)
-calcareous shells on surface
-no head
-e.g. sea urchin, starfish, sea cucumber
Molluscs (Phylum Mollusca)
invertebrates
-soft-bodied animals
-usually bilaterally symmetrical
-soft and fleshy
can be further divided into:
Gastropods (Class Gastropoda):
-live on land and water
-asymmetrical
-one coiled shell
-large flat foot for locomotion
-head eyes and sensory tentacles
-e.g. snail, slug, whelk
Bivalves (Class Bivalvia):
-aquatic
-bilateral symetry
-two shells joined at the hinge
-foot for burrowing in sand or mud
-no tentacle
-e.g. oyster, clam
Cephalopods (Class Cephalopoda)
-aquatic
-bilateral symmetry
-shell often reduced, internal or absent
-adapted for fast swimming
-tentacles with suckers, well developed eyes, horny beak
-e.g. cuttlefish, squid, octopus
Arthropods (Phylum Arthropoda)
invertebrates
-jointed appendages and hard shells
Can be further classified into:
Crustaceans (Class Crustacea)
-more than 4 pairs of jointed appendages
-head and thorax usually fused together
-usually aquatic and breathe with gills
-2 pairs of antennae
-compound eyes
-e.g. crab, lobster
Class Myriapoda
-1 pair of antennae
-compound eyes
-mainly terrestrial
-clearly defined heads
-many body segments
-e.g. centipedes, millipedes
Arachnids (Class Arachinida)
-head and thorax not distinctly separate
-no antennae
-simple eyes
-4 pairs of walking legs
-e.g. spider, scorpion
Insects (Class Insecta)
-1 pair of antennae
-compound eyes and simple eyes
-well-defined head, thorax, abdomen
-3 pairs of legs
-1 or 2 pairs of wings on thorax
-metamorphosis
-e.g. butterfly, bee, grasshopper
vascular plants
-flowering plants
-ferns
-conifers
non-vascular plants
-mosses
flowering plants
vascular plants
can be further divided into:
monocotyledonous plants (monocots)
-1 cotyledon in the seed
-parallel leaf veins
-pollen grain has 1 furrow
-vascular tissues arranged randomly
-mostly herbs
-e.g. grass, orchid, maize
dicotyledonous plants (dicots)
-2 cotyledon in seed
-network of veins on leaves
-pollen grain has 3 furrows
-vascular tissues arranged in a ring pattern
-mostly trees, shrubs, herbs
-e.g. sunflower, water lily, roses
ferns
vascular plants
-found in damp places
-has chlorophyll, roots, stems, leaves, vascular tissues
-produce spores for reproduction
-e.g. horsetails, tree ferns, eagle ferns
