ch.26alterationsinbloodproteins Flashcards
what is the principle measurement of serum or plasma protein by refractometry?
The degree of light refraction of a solution is proportionate to the concentration of solid
What are examples of that falsely increase total protein reading?
-marked hyperlgycemia (>700 mg/dl)
-Azotemia (BUN>300 mg/dL)
Does hemolysis alter refractometer reading of total protein?
No
How do automated analyzers measure serum total protein?
biuert reaction
Immunoelectrophoresis is used for:
quantifying each immunoglobulin subtype (IgG, IgM, etc.) via electrophoresis followed by immunoprecipitation using subtype-specific antibodies
Common causes of panhyperproteinemia-dehydration in horses?
-acute toxic colitis of unknown cause
-acute salmonellosis
-potomac horse fever
-intestinal clostridiosis
-intestinal strangulating obstruction
-proximal enteritis
-gram-negative sepsis, endotoxemia
-botulism
-choking (esophageal obstruction)
Common causes of hyperglobulinemia in horses
abdominal (mesenteric) abscess (including “bastard”strangles
pulmonary abscess
chronic pleuritis
purpura haemorrhagica
Equine infectious anemia
What are less common causes of panhyperproteinemia-dehydration
chronic renal failure
chronic hepatic disease
guttural pouch mycosis with dysphagia
equine protozoal myelitis
salt toxicity
lead toxicity
yellow star thistle poisoning (dysphagia)
Dysphagia of unknown cause
What are less common causes of hyperglobulinemia in horses?
chronic hepatic disease
strongylosis
lymphoma (lymphosarcoma)
immune mediated cytopenia
Common causes of panhyperproteinemia- dehydration in ruminants?
-ruminal acidosis (grain overload)
-abomasal torsion
-acute salmonellosis
-peritonitis
-sepsis, toxemia (mastitis, metritis)
intussusception
-vagal indigestion
- oral or pharyngeal foreign body with dysphagia
-coccidosis
-diarrhea, undifferentiated
-salt toxicity
-toxins, poisonous plants
Common causes of hyperglobulinemia in ruminants?
abdominal abscess (traumatic reticuloperitonitis, uterine tear, other)
chronic pneumonia
umbilical abscess
lymphoma
caseous lymphadenitis (sheep & goats)
other abscess
What are physiologic responses to dehydration?
increased urine concentration
decreased urine output
increased fluid absorption from GIT
increased thirst
polyclonal gammopathy definition
increase in globulins due to production of different immunoglobulins by plasma cell sin response to chronic antigenic stimulation
Hypergammaglobulinemia definition
increased IgG in the gamma-globulin fraction
– seen in range of chornic inflammatory disease: including internal abscessation,chronic heptatitis, immune mediated diseases and lymphoma
monoclonal gammopathy definition
increased production of a single immunoglobulin by a clonal population of B lymphs/plasma cells
Monoclonal gammopathies are most commonly seen in:
neoplasia of B lymphs or plasma cells
—> B cell lymphoma, multiple myeloma, B-cell lymphocytic leukemia
Causes of hyperfibrinogenemia in horses:
abscess (abdominal or other)
chronic peritonitis
pleuritis
pneumonia
osteomyelitis
septic arthritis
cholelithiasis
neoplasia with inflammatory response
vasculitis (equine purpura hemorrhagica)
cellulitis
GI inflammation
salmonellosis
Causes of hyperfibrinogenemia in Ruminants
acute mastitis, esp coliform
abscess
traumatic reticuloperitonitis, pericarditis
salmonellosis
GI inflammation
Pyelonephritis
endocarditis
pleuritis
pneumonia
chronic peritonitis
necrotic rumenitis
lymphoma (lymphosarcoma)
septic arthritis
cellulitis
omphalophlebitis
osteomyelitis
Examples of negative acute phase proteins
albumin
trasnferrin
transthyretin (prealbumin)
apoliportein A1
What is ferritin?
an iron storage and transport protein
Albumin accounts for what percentage of colloid oncotic pressure?
75%
The synthesis of albumin is controlled by?
plasma colloidal oncotic pressure
Where is albumin produced?
in liver
When does liver disease cause hypoalbuminemia?
chronic diffuse, liver dzes
– chronic hepatitis, fibrosis, hepatic neoplasia
Common causes of hypoalbuminemia in horses?
parasitism
glomeruloneprhitis
pyelonephritis
idiopathic granulomatous enteritis
intestinal lymphoma (lymphosarcoma)
Salmonellosis
Equine ehrlichial enterocolitis (Potomac horse fever)
Colitis
Clostridiosis
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug toxicosis
Common causes of panhypoproteinemia
excessive fluid therapy or water intake
acute blood loss
GI ulceration
strangulating GI obstruction, incarceration
Protein-losing enteropathy (chronic granulomatous bowel disease)
acute severe peritonitis
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug toxicity
Glomerulonephritis
What are clinically important mechanisms of PLE?
defective lymphatic transport
increased mucosal permeability
GI parasitism
exudative inflammation
ulcerative blood loss
Common causes of hypoalbuminemia in ruminants
protein malnutrition, starvation
amyloidosis
pyelonephritis
glomerulonephritis
salmonellosis
Johnes disease
Trichostrongylus infection
Common causes of panhypoproteinemia in ruminants
excessive IV fluid therapy or water intake
acute blood loss
abomasal ulceration
blood-sucking GI or external parasites
GI ulceration
acute blood loss can result in what blood abnormalities?
hypoproteinemia
anemia
Differentials for GI blood loss include
abomasal or gastric ulcers
blood-sucking parasites (Haeomonchus contortus)
viral or bact infecton
azotemia
neopalstic invasion
exposure to casutic hcemicals
Congestive heart failure can result in either hypoalbuminemia or panhypoproteinemia via what mechanisms?
dilution effects from palsma volume expansion
protein loss into ascitic fluid and interstitium
decreased albumin synthesis d/t hepatic congestion &/or concurrent inflammation
