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Physio 1bi3LE > Ch20 - Cardiac output > Flashcards

Ch20 - Cardiac output Flashcards

1
Q

The sum of the blood flows to all the tissues of the body

A

Cardiac output

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3
Q

Quantity of blood flowing from the veins into the right atrium each minute

A

Venous return

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4
Q

Quantity of blood pumped into the aorta each minute by the heart

A

Cardiac output

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5
Q

Primary controller of cardiac output

A

Venous return

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7
Q

Cardiac output increases in proprtion to the surface area of the body

A

Cardiac Index

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8
Q

Quantity if blood that flows through the circulation

A

Cardiac output

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10
Q

For young, healthy men, how much is the cardiac output?

A

5.6L/min

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11
Q

Mechanism of the heart that normally allows it to pump whatever amount of vlood that flows into the right atrium

A

Frank-Starling law of the heart

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12
Q

When Increased quantities of blood flow into the heart, the increased blood stretches the walls of the heart muscle

A

Frank-starling law of the heart

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13
Q

Nervous reflex caused by the stretched right atrium

A

Bainbridge reflex

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14
Q

Sum of all tissue blood flows

A

Cardiac output

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15
Q

Sum of all the local blood flows through all the individual tissue segments of the peripheral circulation

A

Venous return

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16
Q

Tissue or organ blood flow that contributes the most (27%) in cardiac output

A

Splanchnic

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17
Q

With nervous control mechanisms, dilating all peripheral blood vesseld caused almost no change in arterial pressure but increased in cardiac output

A

When nervous system had been blocked, vasodilation of the vessels caused a fall in arterial pressure and minimal increase in cardiac output

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18
Q

Cardiac output per square meter of body surface area

A

Cardiac index

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19
Q

Tissue or organ blood flow that contributes the least (4%) in cardiac output

A

Heart

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20
Q

When peripheral resistance increases above normal, cariac output…

A

Decreases

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21
Q

When total peripheral resistance decreases, cardiac output…

A

Increases

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22
Q

Arterial pressure over total peripheral resistance

A

Cardiac output

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23
Q

Limits to the amount of blood that the heart can pump can be expresses quantitavely in the form of…

A

Cardiac output curves

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24
Q

Factors that cause a hypereffective heart

A
  1. Nervous stimulation

2. Hypertrophy of the heart muscle

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25
Q

Long term increased workload causes the heart muscleto increase in masss and contractile strength

A

Hypertrophy increase pumping effectiveness

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26
Q

Brain activity sends simulataneous signals to the ANS of the brain to excite circulatory activity causing large vein constriction, increased heart rate, and increases contractility of the heart

A

Effect of NS to increase the arterial pressure during exercise

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27
Q

Reduced total peripheral resistance increases or decreases cardiac output?

A

Increase

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28
Q

Factors that cause a hypoeffective heart

A
  1. Increased arterial pressure such as in severe hypertension
  2. Inhibition of nervous excitation of the heart
  3. Pathological factors
  4. Coronary artery blockage
  5. Valvular heart disease
  6. Congenital heart disease
  7. Myocarditis, inflammation of heart muscle
  8. Cardiac hypoxia
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29
Q

Disease is caused bu insufficient quantity of vitamin B1 (thiamine)

A

Beriberi

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30
Q

Disease which cause highest cardiac output and lower peripheral resistance

A

Beriberi

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31
Q

Categories in conditions that cause abnormally low cardiac output

A
  1. Abnormalities that decrease pumping effectiveness

2. Conditions that decrease venous return

32
Q

Resistance in blood flow of blood from the periphery to the heart

A

Resistance to venous return

33
Q

For women, how much is the resting cardiac output?

A

4.9L/min

34
Q

When cardiac output falls too low that the tissues dont get enough nutrients and suffer in nutritional deficiency, it is called…

A

Cardiac shock

35
Q

Factors that decrease cardiac output by noncardiac peripheral factors — decreased venous return

A
  1. Decreased blood volume (MOST COMMON)
  2. Acute venous dilation
  3. Obstruction of the large veins
  4. Decreased tissue mass, esp in skeletal
  5. Decreased in metabolic rate of the tissues
36
Q

Most common. Noncardiac peripheral factor often due to hemorrhage

A

Decreased blood volume

37
Q

Large veins leading to the heart is obstructed contributing to low CO

A

Obstruction of the large veins

38
Q

2 primary factors that affects CO regulation

A
  1. Cardiac output curves, pumping ability of the heart

2. Venous return curves (peripheral factors)

39
Q

Factors that affect cardiac output

A
  1. The basic level of body metabolism
  2. Whether the person is exercising
  3. Age
  4. Size of the body
40
Q

Lower Psf, curve shifts

A

Downward and to the left

41
Q

Decrease in total oxygen consumption and blood flow needs of the muscle that cause decrease in CO

A

Decreased tissue mass

43
Q

Prolonged bed rest and decreased blood flow to the tissue causing decrease in CO

A

Decreased metabolic rate of the tissues

44
Q

Greater the volume of the blood, the greater the mean circulatory filling pressure because extra blood volume stretches the walls of the vasculature

A

True

45
Q

Cardiac output falls below the level required for adequate nutrition of the tissues

A

Circulatory shock

46
Q

In Fick method, this is measured by the rate of disappearance of oxygen from respired air

A

Rate of oxygen absorption

47
Q

In vfib When blood everywhere in the circulation ceases, pressure everywhere in the circulation become equal

A

Mean circulatory filling pressure

48
Q

The highest level to which the right atrial pressure can gardless of how much the heart might fail is equal to the Psf

A

👍

51
Q

Factors that can alter the external pressure of the heart

A
  1. Cyclicalchanges ofi trapleural pressure during respiration
  2. Breathing against a negative pressure
  3. Positive pressure breathing
  4. Opening the thoracic cage
  5. Cardiac tamponade
52
Q

Strong sympathetic stimulation constricts all the systemic blood vessels as well as pulmonary vessels and even chambers of the heart

A

Therefore, capacity of the system decreases so that at each level of blood volume, the mean circulatory filling pressure is increased

54
Q

Compensatory effects initiated in response to increased blood volume

A
  1. Increases capillary pressure
  2. Stress-relaxation(distending of veins, reduce Psf)
  3. Excess blood flow causes increase in peripheral vascular resistance thus inrease resistance to venous return

These cause Psf to return to normal and resistance constrict

56
Q

The greater the degree to which the system is filled, the easier it is for the blood to flow into the heart

A

The lesser the degree to which the system is filled, the more difficult it is for blood to flow in the heart

57
Q

Different degrees of sympathetic stimulation can increase the cardiac output progressively to about twice

A

Effect of sympathetic stimulation

58
Q

Pressure measured everywhere in the systemic circculation after blood flow has been stopped by clamping of the large blood vessels at the heart

A

Mean systemic filling pressure

60
Q

The greater the difference between Psf and the right atrial pressure, the greater the venous return. The difference bet 2 pressures is called…

A

Pressure gradient for venous return

61
Q

Blocks transmission of nerve signals thru the autonomic ganglia

A

Hexamethonium

62
Q

Effects of sympathetic stimulation on cardiac output and systemic circulation

A
  1. Makes the heart a stronger pump
  2. In systemic circulation, it increases the Psf bec of the contraction of the peripheral vessels - increases the resistance of venous return
63
Q

Decreases the effectiveness of heart as a pum, Psf decreases

A

Inhibition of sympathetic nervous system

64
Q

Methods used in measuring cardiac output

A

Oxygen Fick method

Indicator dilution method

65
Q

Method that uses ultrasound waves from a transducer placed on the chest wall or passed into patient’s esophagus to measure the size of the chambers, velocity of blood from LV to aorta

A

Enchocardiography

66
Q

In applying Fick procedure, this is usually obtained thru a catheter from brachial vein down to RV

A

Mixed venous blood

67
Q

Method for measuring CO by a small amount of indicator such as dye injected into large systemic vein

A

Indicator dilution method

68
Q

In Fick procedure,this can be obtained from any systemic artery in the body

A

Systemic arterial blood

69
Q

Ways to predict CO abd RAP

A
  1. Determine the pumping ability of the heart
  2. Determine the state of flow from the systemic circulation into the heart
  3. Equate the curves against each other
70
Q

Three principal factors that affect venous return to the heart from the systemic circulation

A
  1. Right atrial pressure
  2. Degree of filling of the systemic circulation (mean systemic filling pressure)
  3. Resistance to blood flow
72
Q

Strong sympathetic stimultion increases mean circulatory filling

A

Inhibition of the sympathetic nervous sytem decreases the mean circulatory filling

73
Q

Accumulation of a large quantity of fluid in the pericardial activity round the heart which results in an increase of external pressure

A

Cardiac tamponade

78
Q

The greater the Psf (greater tightbess with which the circulation system is filled with blood), the more the venous return curve shifts…

A

Outward and to the right

80
Q

Streching of the heart causes the heart to pump faster, resulting in what?

A

Increased heart rate

87
Q

Normal human heart can pump up to about 2.5 times the normal venous return before it reached a plateau

A

About 13L/min

88
Q

Factor that decreases cardiac output due Inactive sympathetic nervous system. Dilation. Blood pools in the vessel and does not return as rapidly than normal to the heart

A

Acute venous dilation

91
Q

Plateau un the venous return curve at negative arterial pressure is caused by…

A

Collapse of veins

Physio 1bi3LE (2 decks)

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