CH.2: Two kind of reasonings

Question 1

Deductive logic of categorical arguments, arguments that relate categories
Area of logica that deals with classes of things

Answer 1

Categorical logic

Question 2

Deductive argument we consider relates propositions which can be or have been compounded from simpler propositions

A is true. B is true. Therefore, A and B is true

If Jones was in Toledo then Jackson was not in Peoria. In addition, either Jackson was in Peoria or Smith was in Cleveland. Therefore, if Smith was not in Cleveland, then Jones was not in Toledo.

Answer 2

Truth functional logic

Question 3

Inductive argument where sample is drawn/concluded from the population’s attribute

I’ve liked the majority of Professor Moore’s lectures so far; therefore, probably I will like the majority of all of Professor Moore’s lectures.

Answer 3

Generalizing from sample

Question 4

Inductive argument that refer to de-generalizing that reverse of generalizing from sample.

Most days that are hot and humid are days with thunderstorms. It is hot and humid today. Therefore, probably there will be a thunderstorm today.

Answer 4

Statistical Syllogism

Question 5

An inductive argument that something has an attribute because a similar thing has that attribute.

Forcing Americans to buy health insurance for their own good is like forcing them to eat broccoli for their own good. It would be wrong to force people to eat broccoli for their own good; therefore, it would be wrong to force them to buy health insurance for their own good

Answer 5

Argument from analogy

Question 6

Inductively support a claim that asserts or implies cause-and-effect

The toilet is leaking. The toilet isn’t likely to leak without damaging the floor. Therefore the floor probably is damaged.

Answer 6

Casual Argument

Question 7

A statement that asserts or implies cause-and-effect is used as a premise in an argument intended to show that something is the case.

There is water on the floor. The most likely cause is a leaking toilet. Therefore, the toilet is leaking.

Answer 7

Inference to the Best explaination

Question 8

Relies on fact and rules (from general to specific)

“All dogs have four legs, John’s pet is a dog, therefore John’s pet has four legs.”

Answer 8

Deductive

Question 9

Relies on pattern or trend (from specific to general)

“I get tired if I don’t drink coffee. Coffee is addictive. I’m addicted to coffee.”

Answer 9

Inductive

Question 10

Contains both deductive and inductive reasoning

Should assault weapons be banned? On the one hand, doing that would violate the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. But on the other hand, when guns were outlawed in Australia the number of accidental gun deaths fell dramatically; that would probably happen here, too. It is a tough call.

Answer 10

Balance of considerations reasoning

Question 11

Appeal to status or position reasoning

Answer 11

Ethos

Question 12

Appeal to emotional argument reasoning

Answer 12

Pathos

Question 13

Appeal to audience reasoning from building up logical argument

Answer 13

logos

Question 14

If the true premise is impossible equilivant to false conclusion

Answer 14

Valid Argument

Question 15

States if P is the case then q is the case
p is the case therefore q is the case

Answer 15

Modus ponens

Question 16

If P is the case, then q is the case
q is not the case
therefore p is not the case

Answer 16

Modus tollens

Question 17

Either p or q is the case
P is not the case therefore q is the case

Answer 17

Disjunctive syllogism

Question 18

If p is the case, then q is the case
If r is the case, then s is the case
either p or r is the case therefore q or s is the case

Answer 18

Constructive dilemma

Question 19

If p is the case, then q is the case
If or is the case, then o is the case
If p is the case, then r is the case

Answer 19

Hypothetical syllogism

Question 20

All a is b
All c is a
therefore all c is b

Answer 20

Barbara syllogism

Question 21

Coherant, intelligible, comprehensible

Answer 21

Clarity