Ch2: Theories of Human Development

Question 1

What are psychosexual stages?

Answer 1

Freud’s set of five phases of development, associated with biological maturation and shifts in erotic desires

Question 2

What is fixation?

Answer 2

Mental process whereby part of the sex drive remains tied to an early stage of development

Question 3

What is a defense mechanism?

Answer 3

Mental process used to ward off anxiety caused by conflict between the impulses and social demands

Question 4

What is Bronfenbrenner’s macrosystem?

Answer 4

larger cultural or subcultural context of development in his bioecological approach

Question 5

What is Bronfenbrenner’s Exosystem?

Answer 5

Settings not experienced directly by individuals that still influence their development

Question 6

What is Bronfenbrenners Mesosystem?

Answer 6

Set of interrelationships between microsystems or immediate environments?

Question 7

Developmental stage

Answer 7

Period characterized by a set of abilities motives or emotions that form coherent pattern

Question 8

Instinct

Answer 8

inborn bio force assumed to motivate a particular response or class of responses

Question 9

Unconscious Motivation

Answer 9

Freud’s term for feelings and experiences that influence someone’s thinking even though they cannot be recalled

Question 10

Psychoanalytic theory

Answer 10

idea that emphasizes unconscious motivations for behavior, conflicts within personality and stages of psychosexual development

Question 11

Id

Answer 11

Psychoanalytic term for the inborn component of the personality that is driven by selfish urges

Question 12

Superego

Answer 12

Psychoanalytic term for the component of the personality that consists of the individuals internalized moral standards

Question 13

Ego

Answer 13

psychoanalytic term for the rational component of the personality

Question 14

repression

Answer 14

mental process that involves removing unacceptable traumatic memories from conscousness

Question 15

regression

Answer 15

mental process that involves retreatinng to an earlier stage of deeelopemn

Question 16

psychosocial stages

Answer 16

eriksons set of 8 phases of development emphasizing influences more than biological urges

Question 17

behaviorism

Answer 17

perspective that conclusions about human development can be base on controlled observations of overt actions

Question 18

classical conditioning

Answer 18

learning in which stimuus can elicit a response by association with a stimulus already elicitng the response

Question 19

operant conditioning

Answer 19

learning in which freely emitted acts become more or less probable dependimg on consequences thy bring

Question 20

social cogniive theory

Answer 20

banduras hypothee that active pocessing of info lays a citical role in learnig behavior and development

Question 21

latent learning

Answer 21

acquisition pf knowledge that occurs but is not evident in behavior