CH.2 Pharmacokinetics and factors of individual variation

Question 1

Bioavailability

Answer 1

Percentage of the drug dosage that is absorbed

Question 2

Drug absorption

Answer 2

Entrance of a drug into the bloodstream from its initial site of administration

Question 3

Drug addiction

Answer 3

Condition of drug abuse and dependence that is characterized by compulsive drug behavior

Question 4

Drug dependence

Answer 4

Condition of reliance on the use of a particular drug, characterized as physical and or psychological dependence

Question 5

Drug Distribution

Answer 5

Passage of a drug from the blood to the tissues and organs of the body

Question 6

Drug Excretion

Answer 6

Elimination of the drug from the body

Question 7

Drug Metabolism

Answer 7

The enzymatic biotransformation of a drug into metabolites

Question 8

Drug Microsomal metabolizing system

Answer 8

Group of enzymes located primarily in the liver that function to metabolize (biotransformation) drugs.

Question 9

Drug tolerance

Answer 9

Requirement of larger doses to be consumed in order to obtain the desired effects; decreased drug effect occurring after repeated drug administration

Question 10

Enzyme induction

Answer 10

Increase in the amount of drug metabolizing enzymes after repeated administration of certain drugs

Question 11

Enzyme inhibition

Answer 11

Inhibition of drug- metabolizing enzymes by certain drugs

Question 12

First- pass metabolism

Answer 12

Drug metabolism that occurs in the intestines and liver during oral absorption of drugs into the systemic circulation

Question 13

Half life

Answer 13

Time required for the body to reduce the amount of drug in the plasma by one half

Question 14

Individual variation

Answer 14

Difference in the effects of drugs and drug dosages from one person to another

Question 15

Intramuscular injection

Answer 15

Route of drug administration; drug is injected into gluteal or deltoid muscles.

Question 16

Intravenous injection

Answer 16

Route of drug administration; drug is injected directly into a vein

Question 17

loading dose

Answer 17

Initial drug dose administered to rapidly achieve therapeutic drug concentrations

Question 18

Maintenance Dose

Answer 18

Dose administered to maintain drug blood levels in the therapeutic range; daily dosage of cardiac glycoside that maintains effective drug levels in the blood

Question 19

Oral administration

Answer 19

Route of drug administration by way of the mouth through swallowing

Question 20

Parenteral administration

Answer 20

Route of drug administration that does not involve the gastrointestinal tract

Question 21

Delayed release products

Answer 21

usually tablets or capsules that are treated with special coatings so that various portions of the drug will dissolve at different rates. Delayed release products usually contain the equivalent of two or three single dose units. They are designed to produce drug effects over an extended time.

Question 22

Suppositories

Answer 22

These are drugs mixed with a substance (cacao butter) that will melt at body temperature. Suppositories are intended for insertion into the rectum, urethra, or vagina

Question 23

Parenteral Administration

-Administration of drugs by needle and syringe

Answer 23

Although some drugs are irritating to the stomach and may cause nausea, heartburn, and vomiting, administration of such drugs with sufficient amounts of water or with meals minimizes gastric irritation. However, food also delays drug absorption and therefore delays the onset of drug action.

Question 24

Drug ionization

Answer 24

Most drugs exist in two forms: ionized and un-ionized. Like electrolytes (Na+ and CI-), ionized drugs are charged molecules because their atomic structure has lost or gained e-. The molecules then become either positively or negatively charged. I general, ionized drug molecules do not readily cross cell membranes. The un-ionized (uncharged) form of the drug is required in order for absorption to occur.

Question 25

Drug formulation

Answer 25

Drugs must be in solution before being absorbed. Tablets and capsules require time for the dissolution to occur. For this reason, liquid medications are generally absorbed faster than the solid forms. Drug particles can be formulated into different sizes, such as crystals , micronized particles, or ultramicronized particles. The smaller the size of the drug particle, the faster the rate of dissolution and absorption.

Question 26

Troches and Lozenges

Answer 26

These flattened tablets are allowed to dissolve in the mouth. Most commonly used for cold and sore throat