Ch.2 Cells and Organelles Flashcards
Which of the following organelles would be affected if the process of protein glycosylation was inhibited?
Golgi Apparatus and rough ER. Glycosylation is a post-translational modification where carbohydrates are added to proteins. This occurs in rough ER and Golgi apparatus.
Peroxisomes are organelles responsible for the ____
Reduction of reactive oxygen species. Peroxisomes contain an enzyme called catalase. This enzyme converts dangerous reactive oxygen species (ROS), like hydrogen peroxide, into harmless water. Without peroxisomes, ROS can create free radicals in the cell, damaging DNA.
Insulin is a hormone that increases the number of GLUT4 transporters in a cell. Which of the following processes do these transporters use to shuttle glucose across cell membranes?
This process is facilitated diffusion; it requires the help of a carrier protein but does not use energy.
Which organelle functions in molecular digestion within animal cells?
Lysosomes are essentially the stomach of the cell. Lysosomes are vesicles produced by the golgi apparatus that contain hydrolase enzymes that are only functional in a low pH environment.
What do fibronectin and laminin do?
Fibronectin: a protein that connects integrin to ECM and helps with signal transduction.
Laminin: behaves similarly to fibronectin. Influences cell differentiation, adhesion, and movement.
Which cell contains peptiglycan?
Bacteria cell walls.
What are the motor proteins that intracellularly transport cargo along microtubules?
Dynein and Kinesin
Which cell-cell junctions are often described as being found in tissues of the heart?
Gap Junctions. They allow for the passage of ions and small molecules between cells. These junctions are often found in tissues like the heart, which use ions to pass electrical impulses.
What are tight junctions?
Tight junctions are a type of cell to cell junction. They form a seal around each cell, preventing materials from passing between cells. Materials are passed THROUGH cells. Found in digestive track.
What cell-matrix junction connects via integrins to actin microfilaments?
Focal adhesions
What cell-matrix junction connects via integrins to intermediate filaments?
Hemidesmosomes
Which of the following is the most common structural protein within the extracellular matrix?
Collagen. The ECM between animal cells is mainly made up of collagen, a protein secreted by fibroblasts (cells found in connective tissues) that gives tissues strength and rigidity. Once secreted, collagen will form long woven fibers called collagen fibrils.
Starting material for Vitamin D and Bile acids
Cholesterol.
Microfilaments are primarily made of actin; they tend to be involved in
motility
