CH2 Cards -Part 2 dos Flashcards
The purpose of the______________ process is to produce and coordinate effective and workable plans.
Project Planning
The_________________ Processes are concerned with managing the resources and assets allocated by organization management and with applying them to fulfill the agreements into which the organization or organizations enter.
Technical Management
The ________________ Processes relate to the technical effort of projects, in particular to planning in terms of cost, timescales and achievements, to the checking of actions to help ensure that they comply with plans and performance criteria, and to the identification and selection of corrective actions that recover shortfalls in progress and achievement.
Technical Management
________________ Processes are used to establish and perform technical plans for the project, manage information across the technical team, assess technical progress against the plans for the system products or services, control technical tasks through to completion, and to aid in the decisionmaking process.
Technical Management
____________ process starts with the identification of a new potential project and continues after the authorization and activation of the project until its termination. The Project Planning process is performed in the context of the organization, and in compliance with the Life Cycle Model Management process.
Project planning
The ______________ process identifies the project objectives, technical activities, interdependencies, resource requirements, risks and opportunities, and management approach for the technical effort. The planning includes the estimates of needed resources and budgets and the determination of the need for project enablers, including specialized equipment, facilities, and specialists during the project to improve efficiency and effectiveness and decrease cost overruns. This requires coordination across the set of processes to develop a set of consistent planning for all activities.
Project Planning
________________ process establishes the direction necessary to enable execution of the project and the assessment and control of the project progress. It identifies the details of the work and the right set of personnel, skills, infrastructure, and facilities with a schedule for needed resources from within and outside the organization.
Project Planning
Common approaches and tips for the _______________ process:
? The SEMP is an important outcome
? The standard ISO/IEC/IEEE 24748-4 to aid in writing a SEMP.
? Software Development Plan. (See ISO/IEC/IEEE 24748-5.)
? The creation of the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is an activity where SE and Project Management ____________ .
? Taking shortcuts in the planning process reduces the effectiveness of other Technical Management Processes.
? Agile project management methods also include planning-the cycles may be ____________ and more frequent, but planning is an essential process.
? Defining project objectives, value, and the criteria for success are critical to guide project decision making.
? Incorporate risk assessment early in the planning process
? Global consistency between these artifacts.The SEMP should reference, or provide a link to, the PMP.
Project Planning, intersect, shorter
The _________is the key technical management plan that integrates
the SE effort.
SEMP
The ________ defines how the total set of engineering processes will be organized, structured, and conducted and how it will be controlled to provide a product that satisfies stakeholder requirements.
SEMP
The ________ contains the following:
? organization of how SE interfaces with the other parts of the organization
? responsibilities and authority of the key engineering roles
? clear system boundaries and scope of the system
? key, technical objectives, assumptions, and constraints ( or link to them)
? infrastructure support and resource management (i.e., facilities, tools, IT, personnel)
? technical schedule, including key milestones, decision gates, and associated criteria
? definition of the SE processes, including interaction with other engineering and project processes
? approach and methods for planning and executing the Technical Processes
? approach and methods for planning and executing the Technical Management Processes
? approach and methods for planning and executing applicable quality characteristic (QC) approaches
? major technical deliverables of the project
SEMP
The __________ is an essential part of the SEMP and a tool for project control because it identifies the critical path of technical activities in the project. The schedule of tasks and dependencies helps prioritize the effort and justify requests for personnel and resources needed throughout the development life cycle.
SEMS - SE Master Schedule
The purpose of the ________________ is to hierarchically decompose constructs in manageable and understandable elements. In projects, they provide:
? a framework for ensuring that all requirements, functions, and products of the system design are identified and arranged in a logical relationship that can be traced to, and satisfy, the business and stakeholder needs;
? an identification of all activities and resources;
? a cost relationship;
? an organizational context;
? an identification, by name, within the organization of the responsible person ;
? a basis for configuration control and a basis for effective management of changes;
? a framework to help identify risks and subsequent risk management;
? a basis for financial control and interface responsibilities .
breakdown structures
The _______ serves as a reference for the identification of cost elements arranged into a Cost Breakdown Structure (CBS).
WBS
_________ is a hierarchical tree of the organizational elements.
Organizational Breakdown Structure (OBS)
The work to be carried out to reach the project objectives can be organized in a breakdown structure, as a hierarchical tree, where the lower-level activities provide more details. This is the_________________ , which is based on the FBS in the initial stages of system maturity (e.g., feasibility, conceptual design) and the PBS in the later stages.
Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
Functions and products are organized in_________________ that have the organizational framework of a tree, such as Function Tree and Product Tree.
breakdown structures
The Function Tree also, called ___________________, is a breakdown of the functions of the required Sol into successively lower levels of its functional architecture. The Function Tree includes the technical characteristics of each function.
Functional Breakdown Structure (FBS)
The Product Tree, also called ____________________, is a breakdown of the Sol into successively lower-level details of its physical architecture (see Section 1.3.5).
Product Breakdown Structure (PBS)
The purpose of the ____________________ process is to assess if the plans are aligned and feasible; determine the status of the roject, technical and process performance; and direct execution to help ensure that the performance is according to plans and schedules, within projected budgets, to satisfy technical objectives.
Project Assessment and Control
The rigor of the_______________ process is directly dependent on intrinsic characteristics of the project and the Sol, such as the complexity, urgency, and consequence of failure to deliver or failure of the Sol.
Project Assessment and Control
Project control involves both preventive and corrective actions taken to ensure that the project is performing according to plans and schedules and within projected budgets. The ____________________ process may trigger activities within Technical Management Processes.
Project Assessment and Control
Common approaches and tips for the _______________ process:
? One way to remain updated on project status is to conduct regular team meetings. Short stand-up meetings on a daily or weekly schedule.
? Projects should avoid the collection of measures that are not used in decision making.
? Good practices show that status should be concise and visual. Another useful tool is a project dashboard that provides a timely and easy summary of status.
? A template for the project status report is a good practice. This template may be included in the SEMP ( or PMP).
Project Assessment and Control
Common approaches and tips for the _______________ process:
? The Project Management Institute (PMI) provides industry-wide guidelines for project assessment, including Earned Value Management techniques.
? Project teams need to identify critical areas and control them through measurement, risk management, analysis, configuration management, and information management.
? An effective feedback control process is an essential element to enable the improvement of project performance.
? Tailoring of organization processes and procedures should not jeopardize any certifications.
? Standard ISO/IEC 24748-8 / IEEE 15288.2 (2014) is a useful reference on how to define and manage technical reviews
Project Assessment and Control
Mechanisms should be put in place to provide an integrated view of the results or artifacts in a way that the decision makers can interpret quickly and see trends and trigger points to aid decisions. Two such mechanisms are the project ____________ and the project _____________.
status report, dashboard
Technical ________ and ___________ are a foundational element of an effective SE approach
and form the backbone of robust technical assessment. Technical reviews and audits provide a venue for baselining stakeholder and system requirements, evaluating the system’s technical maturity, and identifying and assessing risks to system performance, cost, and schedule.
reviews, audits
The purpose of the _______________ process is to provide a structured, analytical framework for obectively identifying, characterizing and evaluating a set of alternatives for a decision at any point in the life cycle and select the most beneficial course of action.
Decision Management
The ________________process transforms a broadly stated decision situation into a recommended course of action and associated implementation plan. The process requires a decision maker with full responsibility, authority, and accountability for the decision, a decision analyst with a suite of decision tools, subject matter experts with performance models, and a representative set of end users and other stakeholders (Parnell, et al., 201
Decision Management
A well-structured _________ process will capture and communicate the impact that different value judgments have on the overall decisions and facilitate the search for alternatives that remain attractive across a wide range of value schemes.
decision
Common approaches and tips for the _______________ process:
? Since there are many decisions across the spectrum of project management, system definition, and life cycle activities, the Decision Management process is applied in conjunction with most of the Technical Management and Technical Processes.
? It is important to verify and validate the data and assumptions used in the decision analyses, since the validity of the analysis results depends on the use of valid data and assumptions, and the application of appropriate analytic methods.
Decision Management
SE practitioners face many decision situations throughout the life cycle of a project. They must choose the analytical approach that best fits the frame and structure of each decision problem. For instance, when there are “clear, important, and discrete events that stand between the implementation of the alternatives and the eventual consequences” , a _______________ is often a well-suited analytical approach, especially when the decision structure has only a few decision nodes and chance nodes. As the number of decision nodes and chance nodes grows, the this method quickly becomes unwieldy and loses some of its communicative power.
decision tree
The decision management method most employed by SE practitioners is a __________________________ (Parnell, 2016), in which an objective function is formulated to synthesize an alternative’s response across multiple, often competing, objectives. The aim is to define, measure, and assess stakeholder value and then synthesize this information to facilitate the decision maker’s search for alternatives that represent the best balance with often competing objectives.
multiple objective decision approach (MODA)
Capturing a description of the system baseline, as well as the concept of operations with some indication of system boundaries and anticipated interfaces, helps ensure the understanding of the decision context. This includes such details as the time frame allotted for the decisions, an explicit list of stakeholders, a discussion regarding available resources, and expectations regarding the type of action to be taken as a result of the decision at hand. This decicion management good practice is called _______________ a decision.
Framing
For many trade studies, the alternatives will be systems composed of many interrelated system elements. It is important to establish a meaningful product structure for the Sol and to apply this product structure consistently throughout the decision analysis. The product structure should be a useful decomposition of the elements of the Sol that explores the trade space. Each alternative is composed of specific design choices for each element. The ability to communicate the differentiating design features of the alternatives is essential. An alternative to a finite number of alternatives is _______________. It has been shown to effectively and efficiently explore the trade space (Specking, et al., 2018). This decision management good practice is called Generating ___________ Alternatives
Set-Based Design (SBD), creative
The decision team should engage subject matter experts by creating models using operational and test data along with the defined objectives, measures, and alternatives to assess performance and using structured scoring sheets. Each score sheet contains a summary description of the alternative and the scoring criteria. Ideally, the models and simulations should be integrated with the performance, value, and cost models so a design change impacts all models. This decision management good practice assesses alternatives via __________ Analysis.
Deterministic
The following are a summary of ______________ good practices.
- Framing, Tailoring, and Structuring Decisions.
- Developing Objectives and Measures.
- Generating Creative Alternatives.
- Assessing Alternatives via Detenninistic Analysis.
- Synthesizing Results.
- Identifying Uncertainty and Conducting Probabilistic Analysis.
- Accessing Impact of Uncertainty.
- Improving Alternatives.
- Communicating Trade-Offs.
- Presenting Recommendations and Implementing the Action Plan.
decision management
Using the data summarized in the objective measure consequence table, explore, understand, aggregate the data, and display results in a way that facilitates stakeholder understanding. This decision management good practice is called ______________results.
Synthesizing
It is important to identify potential uncertainty surrounding the assessed score and variables that could impact one or more scores (see Section 1.4.1). One example of uncertainty is that system concepts are described as a collection of system element design choices, but knowledge of the system element performance during system design is often incomplete. Subject matter experts can often assess an upper, nominal, and lower bound score by making three separate assessments: (i) assuming a low performance, (ii) assuming moderate performance, and (iii) assuming high performance.This decision management good practice is called Identifying __________ and Conducting __________ Analysis.
Uncertainty, Probabilistic
Decision analysis uses many forms of sensitivity analysis including line diagrams, tornado diagrams, waterfall diagrams, and several uncertainty analyses, including Monte Carlo simulation, decision trees, and influence diagrams (Parnell, et al., 2013). Monte Carlo simulations are used to identify the relative impact of each source of uncertainty on the performance, value, and cost of each alterative. This decision management best practice is called Accessing __________ of Uncertainty.
Impact
Good practice includes further analysis to mine the data generated for the first set of alternatives to reveal opportunities to modify some system element design choices to identify untapped value and reduce risk. This decision managent good practice is called Improving ____________.
Alternatives
The decision team should identify key observations regarding what stakeholders seem to want and what they may be willing to give up to achieve it. This decision management good practice is called Communicating _____________.
Trade-Offs
It is helpful to clearly describe the recommendation as an actionable task list to increase the likelihood of the decision analysis leading to some form of action showing tangible value. Decisions should be documented using digital engineering artifacts. Reports that include the analysis, decisions, and rationale are important for historical traceability and future decisions. This decision management good practice is called Presenting ___________ and Implementing the ________________.
Recommendations, Action Plan
The purpose of the ____________ process is to identify, analyze, treat and monitor the risks continually.
Risk Management
A primary objective of ______________ is to identify and manage uncertainties that threaten or reduce the value provided by a business enterprise or organization. A primary objective of ____________
is to identify and manage uncertainties that enhance or increase the value provided by a business enterprise or organization. Since risk cannot be reduced to zero, another objective is to achieve a proper balance between ______ and ___________.
risk management, opportunity management, risk, opportunity
Common approaches and tips for the _______________ process:
? Take care to define the terminology and concepts to be used by the project team and provide training to reinforce a common understanding.
? Risk management is most successful when risk-based thinking is embraced and integrated into the culture.
? Risk measurement is not an exact science. Variation in stakeholder perspectives, perceptions, and tolerance levels, along with high uncertainty in available data, can make reliance on quantitative measures of risk insufficient.
Risk Management
Common approaches and tips for the _______________ process:
? Risk management plan (RMP) is tailored to satisfy the policies, procedures, standards, and regulations.
? Process Enablers-It has been found that an organization’s structure and culture can have a significant effect on the performance of the Risk Management process.
? Typical strategies for coping with risk include transference, avoidance, acceptance, or taking action to reduce the potential negative effects of the situation.
Risk Management
? The objective of __________ is to balance the allocation of resources
such that a minimum amount of resources achieves the greatest risk mitigation (or opportunity realization) benefits.
risk management
Two prominent definitions of ______ that capture the two concept models.
? The effect of uncertainty on objectives
? The combination of the probability of occurrence of harm and the severity of that harm
risk
Of the two definitions of risk:
1) The effect of uncertainty on objectives
2) The combination of the probability of occurrence of harm and the severity of that harm
Which of the two is commonly used in safety engineering.
2
The measurement of risk has two components (see Figure 2.28):
? The ____________ that an event will occur
? The undesirable ______________ of the event if it does occur
likelihood, consequence
No realistic project can be planned without risk. The challenge is to define the system and the project that best meet overall requirements, allow for risk, and achieve the highest chances of project success. Care is taken to consider new and increased risk created as a result of pursuing a new opportunity. This practice can help identify unintended negative consequences that might be introduced by the proposed change. The above ensures a __________ of Risk, and Opportunity.
Balance
Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat (SWOT) Analysis technique is used to assess ____________.
opportunities
Brainstorming and checklists to Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), Monte Carlo simulation, and Bayesian statistics and Bayes nets are examples of ______________ techniques.
risk assessment
FTA can be used to perform Success Tree Analysis, and techniques such as brainstorming, checklists, Monte Carlo simulation, and Bayesian statistical analysis are used to perform risk assessment, opportunity assessment, or both.
Both
4 risk treatment approaces are Acceptance, Avoidance, Control (or ________) and ____________.
mitigation, transferrence
The following are some of the steps that can be taken to _____ or __________ unnecessary risks:
? Requirements scrubbing
? Selection of most promising options
? Staffing and team building
avoid, control
For high-risk technical tasks, risk avoidance is insufficient and can be supplemented by the following approaches:
? _______ procurement
? Initiation of _________ developments
? Implementation of extensive analysis and testing
? __________ planning
Early, parallel, Contingency
For risks that have significant consequences, a ___________ plan should be created in case the risk treatment is not successful. It should include the triggers for enacting the plan.
contingency
Each risk category has certain indicators that may be used to monitor project status for signs of risk. Tracking the progress of key system technical parameters can be used as an indicator of technical risk. ______ value vs _______ value against calendar time is included in the same graph for comparative purposes.
planned, actual
The Purpose of the Configuration Management (CM) process is to manage system and system element configurations over their life cycle.
Configuration Management
________________ is a Technical Management Process applying appropriate processes, resources, and controls, to establish and maintain consistency between product configuration information, and the product
Configuration Management
______________ helps ensure that product functional, performance, and physical characteristics are properly identified, documented, controlled, validated, and verified to establish product integrity;
Configuration Management
______________ helps ensure that changes to these product characteristics are properly identified, reviewed, approved, documented, and implemented;
Configuration Management
______________ helps ensure that the products produced against a given set of data are known, verified and validated.
Configuration Management
A common approach and tip for the ________________ process is to begin the at the beginning of the system life cycle and continue through until retirement of the system. Tailoring of the approach is key for its successful applications across various domains; this includes an appropriate understanding of the information and processes that need to be in place to fulfill all process requirements.
Configuration Management
Configuration management must account for ____________ and _________ integration
horizontal, vertical
In Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE), __________ is required to assure and ensure that the product/system and its product configuration information (i.e., the configuration) are appropriately captured, organized, managed, and communicated for the benefit of the model’s stakeholders and participants
CM
Hardware components on which the software is deployed as well as system interfaces can be just as susceptible to cyber-attacks as software itself. That is why proper ______________needs to also include continuous auditing of potential cyber vulnerabilities. _____________ processes that originated in agile software engineering (SWE), are now widely used in other Engineering disciplines, including MBSE
configuration management, CM
Several well-established CM practices in agile SWE help with addressing those pain points:
? revisions are managed as a stream of _________;
? baselines are established by tagging specific commits;
? concurrent changes are managed through _________ and __________;
? testing, evaluation and/or deployment are automated through a _____________________________ process
? security is ensured through the DevSecOps life cycle by integrating security tools into DevOps (see Figure 2.8)
commits, branching, merging, Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery (CI/CD)
The digital _______ establishes communication paths between the individually configured domains. It is also responsible for correctly tying together the appropriate configurations in each domain and to form a consistent configuration for a specific system/product and their elements.
thread
The purpose of the _______________ process is to generate, obtain, confirm, transform, retain, retrieve, disseminate, and dispose of information to designated stakeholders.
Information Management
____________ is what an organization has compiled or its employees know.
Information
_____________ are intangible information and any tangible form of its representation, including drawings, models of all flavors (systems, software, design, simulation, manufacturing, etc.), specifications, memos, email, computer files, and databases.
Information assets
__________________ generally refers to the protection, confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the information assets
Information security
_______________management includes the controls used to achieve information security and is accomplished by implementing a suitable set of formalized controls, which could be policies, practices, procedures, organizational structures, and software.
Information security
________________ Management System is the life cycle approach to implementing, maintaining, and improving the interrelated set of policies, controls, and procedures that ensure the security of an organization’s information assets in a manner appropriate for its strategic objectives.
Information Security
Common approaches and tips for the ________________ process include:
? In the Project Planning process (see Section 2.3.4.1), an information management plan is tailored to satisfy the individual project procedures for information management. An information management plan identifies the system relevant information to be collected, retained, controlled, secured, and disseminated, with a schedule for disposal.
Information Management
Common approaches and tips for the ________________ process include:
? Identify information-rich artifacts and store them for later use even if the information is informal, such as a design engineer’s notebook (in any media or format).
? Identify the information set at the start of a project if you are going to follow a digital engineering approach.
Information Management
The initial planning efforts for information management are defined in the information management plan, which establishes the scope of information that is maintained; identifies the resources and personnel skill level required against the defined tasks to be performed; defines the rights, obligations, and commitments of parties for generation, management, and access; and identifies information management tools and processes, as well as methodologies, standards, and procedures that will be used on the project and managed by appropriate____________________.
configuration management
Database management, security, and revision of data, sharing data across multiple platforms and organizations are facilitated by information management.
Information Management
The purpose of the_______________ Process is to collect, analyze, and report objective data and information to support effective management and address information needs about the products, services, and processes.
Measurement
The __________ to be made drive the information needs and the information needs drive the data to be collected, analyzed, and reported. As a result, numerous benefits are realized from effective measurement
decisions
Common approaches and tips for the ________________ process include:
? Measurement for measurement sake is a waste of time and effort.
? Each measure should be regularly reviewed by the measurement stakeholders.
Measurement
Common approaches and tips for the ________________ process include:
? Many methods are available to present the data to the measurement stakeholders. Line graphs, control charts, and Red/Yell ow /Green “traffic lights” are some of the more frequently used.
? If a need for corrective action is perceived, further investigation into the measures may be necessary
? Measurement by itself does not control or improve process performance, project success, or product quality. Action must be taken, to realize any benefit.
Measurement
Common approaches and tips for the ________________ process include:
? Some agreements identify measures of effectiveness (MOEs) that must be met. The derived measures of performance (MOPs) and Technical Performance Measures (TPMs) that provide the necessary insight into meeting
the MOEs are default measures to be included within the measurement plan.
? The best measures are repeatable, can be implemented with automated data collection or require minimal effort for data collection
Measurement
______ is obtained from measurement when the data analysis provides insight for assessment or action by decision makers
Value
Comparing the target value and the allowable difference between the target and actual values enables __________ based upon evaluation of risk to the project or product performance meeting their required goals.
decisions
Relationship of Measurement to Risk Management and Decision Management. The measures for a project are driven by the information needs of the project and its decision makers. The results of both ______________ and ______________ provide essential insight to decision makers that is essential to the Decision Management process. Measurement also provides insight to all other processes, especially Project Planning, Project Assessment and Control, Quality Assurance, Life Cycle Model Management, and the Technical Processes.
risk management, measurement
Digital Engineering (DE) Measurement has three interrelated concerns: the transformation of engineering activities to a fully digital infrastructure, artifacts, and processes; the use of _________________________ (ASOTs) to
improve the efficiency and productivity of engineering practice; and the use of MBSE practice to fully integrate system data and ________ with engineering, project management, and other domains and disciplines.
authoritative sources of truth, models
As organizations and projects move toward incremental and evolutionary
approaches for acquisition and life cycle models, measurement is key to understanding progress and quality (see Section 2.2). Measures are needed to address team, product, and enterprise perspectives. This describes Continuous ____________ Development.
Iterative
[Leading Indicator, MOE, KPP, MOP, TPM] is a measure for evaluating the effectiveness of how a specific activity is applied on a project in a manner that provides information about impacts that are likely to affect the system performance or SE effectiveness objectives. It may be an individual measure, or collection of measures, that is predictive of future system performance before the performance is realized.
Leading Indicator
[Leading Indicator, MOE, KPP, MOP, TPM] are the overall operational success criteria (mission performance, safety, operability, operational availability, etc.) to be used by the acquirer for the delivered system, services, and/or processes.
MOE
[Leading Indicator, MOE, KPP, MOP, TPM] are used in some domains to indicate the minimum number of performance parameters needed to characterize the major drivers of operational performance, supportability, and interoperability.
KPP
[Leading Indicator, MOE, KPP, MOP, TPM] measure attributes considered as important to ensure that the system has the capability to achieve operational objectives. They are used to assess whether the system meets design or performance requirements that are necessary to satisfy the MOEs.
MOP
[Leading Indicator, MOE, KPP, MOP, TPM] are used to assess design progress, show compliance to performance requirements, and track technical risks. They provide visibility into the status of important project technical parameters to enable effective management, thus enhancing the likelihood of achieving the technical objectives of the project.
TPM
[Leading Indicator, MOE, KPP, MOP, TPM] are derived from, or provide insight for, the MOPs and focus on the critical technical parameters of specific architectural elements of the system as it is designed and implemented.
TPM
The progress of some _______s relies on maturing a particular technology. Thus, it may be necessary to have a technology plan and technology readiness level (TRL) assessment as part of the input associated with a ____.
TPM, TPM
The purpose of the ____________process is to heln ensure the effective application of the organization’s Quality Management process to the project.
Quality Assurance
_______________ is broadly defined as the set of activities throughout the entire project life cycle necessary to provide adequate confidence that a product or service conforms to stakeholder requirements or that a process
adheres to established methodology (ASQ, 2007).
Quality Assurance (QA)
____________ is a key aspect in QM from the project level to the individual processes. It involves the resourcing and improved performance of processes with built-in quality that is designed to prevent defects from occurring in delivered products and services.
Quality Assurance
Management’s commitment to _________________ is reflected in the integration of QM principles in the strategic planning and budgeting of the organization, and the allocation of educational resources to achieve and sustain a reliable QM culture (see Section 2.3.3.5).
Quality Assurance
A quality policy, mission, strategies, goals, and objectives provide essential inputs along with a description of an organization’s fundamental values for ___________________and the support of a growing QM culture.
quality assurance
____________ can be described as “putting good things into our processes” so that they perform as designed and conform to our stakeholder’s requirements.
Quality Assurance
_____________ was born in the aerospace industry and was originally referred to as “reliability engineering.”
Quality Assurance
______________also includes infusing processes with reliable human resources and the appropriate policies, procedures, and training.
Quality Assurance
“Ultimately, it is the people in an organization who can create a work culture in which [humans, value, quality] is promoted and [humans, value, quality] is delivered to stakeholders” (Kennedy, 2005). An effective QA methodology defines competent, well-prepared [humans, value, quality] as the major asset within processes
quality, value, humans
It supports a high-performing work culture that diligently defines and fulfills stakeholder requirements with a _____________ (ZDA) (see Section 2.3.3.5) and is focused on continuous improvement. Philip Crosby noted that “Quality is the result of a carefully crafted ____________ environment. It has to be the fabric of the organization, not part of the fabric”
Zero Defects Attitude, cultural
The fabric of a QA-strengthened work culture is defined by fundamental skills and supporting values that create a sense of ___________ by all participants.
ownership
