CH2 Cards -Part 1 dos Flashcards
The overall purpose of Systems Engineering (SE) is to enable successful realization of the system while optimizing among competing stakeholder ___________.
objectives
the set of stages for a system is termed a system ____ _____
life cycle
One way in which realization is managed is by breaking the overall effort into transformational steps, or _____s, then checking for satisfactory fulfillment of system characteristics at the end of each _____
stage
Stages often are not sequential and can occur ________ or as needed.
concurrently
Stages can _______ and stages can be entered at any point in the life cycle.
overlap
____________ systems (see Section 1.3.3) also have their own life cycles, which must be integrated
with that of the Sol.
enabling
Requirements must be flowed down to the __________ to be integrated and the decision gates should support progressive integration into the final Sol in a timely manner to help ensure that the ____________s can be progressively integrated.
elements
The system lifecycle 6 stages are:
concept, development, production, utilization, support, and retirement
The ______ stage can include exploratory research and begins with recognition of a need for a new or modified mission or business capability. Unless the solution is immediately at hand, which is the first thing to analyze, new potential solutions will need to be sought. Exploration needs to address both short- and long-range factors, including technical, economic, market, and resource considerations, including human resources.Throughout the concept stage, it is critical to perform ongoing and robust assessment and management of risks. Getting feedback from current and potential stakeholders (e.g., customers, users, suppliers) significantly aids in developing solution concepts. The maturity and availability of enabling systems over the system life cycle must also be considered.
It is difficult to project the possibilities for as-yet untried solutions, though these may provide the greatest long-term benefit. At the same time,
concept
In the ______stage it is key that the problem space is clearly defined (existing issue or new opportunity), the solution space is characterized, business or mission requirements, and stakeholder needs and requirements are identified.
concept
In the ______ stage, an estimate of the cost, schedule, and performance across the life cycle can be derived.
concept
Typical outputs from the ______ stage include preliminary concept artifacts (e.g., Operational Concept (OpsCon), Support Concept), SE methodology approach considerations, feasibility assessments (e.g., models, simulations, prototypes), preliminary architecture solutions, and stakeholder requirements.
concept
The ________ stage is a particularly critical part of the system life cycle because the decisions made during the stage will shape, with increasing difficulty to change, the possibilities for all the remaining stages.
concept
In the ____________ stage, it is easy to fall into the trap of projecting incremental changes to what has worked in the past and is used now, which can significantly limit the future possibilities.
concept
The ___________ stage defines an Sol that meets its agreed-to stakeholder needs and requirements and can be produced, utilized, supported, and retired. System analyses, including trade-off analysis, as well as further modeling, simulation, and prototyping are performed to achieve system balance and to optimize the design for key parameters.
development
The main aspect of the _________ stage is to mature the system concepts and stakeholder needs and requirements into an engineering baseline that can be produced, utilized, and supported over the desired span of its useful life, and finally retired in a responsible manner.
development
The engineering baseline is set during the __________ stage, and includes system requirements, architecture, design, documentation, and plans for subsequent stages.
development
Outputs of the ________ stage, can include an Sol prototype, enabling system requirements (or the enabling systems themselves), plans for integration, verification, validation, transition, acquisition, logistics support, risk management, staffing and training, and detailed cost estimates and schedules for future stages.
development
The _________ stage begins with approval to translate the baselines of the development stage into
an actual system, or those parts of the Sol where approval is given (which is not uncommon for a complex system). The approval includes the enabling systems and must address all areas of the baseline.
production
In the ________ stage, the Sol becomes reality, is qualified for use, and is ready for installation and transition under the utilization stage.
production
The outputs of the _______ stage are the realized portions of the Sol (with its enabling systems) as well as the documentation that will go forward for use in the utilization, support, and retirement stages.
production
The _______ stage begins with the transition to use of a system, or the parts of a system
approved for use. This includes any enabling systems that will support use of the system being used in its intended environment to provide its intended capabilities.
utilization
Product modifications are often introduced throughout the _________ stage, which generally is much longer than the other stages. Such changes can remedy deficiencies, enhance the capabilities, or extend the life of the system.
utilization
Throughout the _______stage, it is critical to maintain documentation from prior stages, as well as to ensure that Technical Management Processes, such as Configuration Management and Risk Management, and SE support remain in place and are robustly applied.
utilization
The ___________ stage proceeds in parallel with the support stage and ends, possibly by steps for different parts of the Sol, with the retirement stage.
utilization
The _______ stage begins with provisioning of support for the Sol’s utilization. Planning and acquisition actions for the system support are often taken before utilization is allowed to start. These changes require SE assessments to avoid loss of system capabilities while under operation, or violation of non-performance related requirements.
support
In the ______ stage, deficiencies and failures are noted and used as the basis for either remediation of the problems, or to build a case for evolutionary modification.
support
In the ________ stage, modifications may be proposed to resolve supportability problems, to reduce operational costs, or to extend the life of a system.
support
The ________ stage ends when a decision is made that the system is at the end of its useful life or that it should no longer be supported.
support
The _________ stage is where the system or a system element and its related services are removed
from operation. SE activities in this stage are primarily focused on ensuring that disposal requirements, which can be extensive, are satisfied.
retirement
Planning for ________ is part of the system definition during the concept and development stages.
retirement
Early in the twenty-first century, many countries have changed their laws to hold the developer of a Sol accountable for proper end-of-life ______ of the system.
disposal
It is good practice to have risk-managing decision points that occur at the beginning and end of each _____.
stage
Note that some approaches, such as agile (see Section 4.2.2), accomplish their decision points in a different cadence and tend to avoid the terms “__________” and “_______ ______.”
milestones, decision gates
Typical goals of decision gates are to confirm that:
? increase in system __________ is within the defined threshold;
? the project deliverables satisfy the business case;
? the resources are _________ to for the stage and subsequent stages;
? unresolved issues that need to be addressed in that stage are addressed; and
? overall risk for proceeding forward in the system life cycle is ____________.
maturity, sufficient, acceptable
At each decision gate, the options can include:
? Begin subsequent stage or stages;
? Continue this stage, possibly after some reformulation;
? Go to or restart a preceding stage;
? ____ the project activity;
? Terminate the project.
Hold
The consequences of conducting a superficial review, omitting a critical discipline, or skipping a decision gate are usually _________ and _______.
long-term, costly
It is important to note that there may be significant changes in the project’s environment. This may impact the project’s business case, system scope, or resources needed. Consequently, the related decision ________ should be updated and evaluated at every decision gate. Inadequate consideration can set up subsequent failures-usually a major factor in cost overruns and delays.
criteria
Upon successful completion of a decision gate, some artifacts (e.g., documents, analysis results, models, or other products of a system life cycle stage) will have been approved as the basis upon which future work must build. These artifacts are placed under________ _________ along with the decisions made and the associated rationale and assumptions
configuration management
A ______ _____ is “a series of systems engineering activities conducted at logical transition points in a system life cycle, by which the progress of a [project] is assessed relative to its technical requirements using a mutually agreed-upon set of criteria”
technical review
An _____ is “a detailed review of processes, product definition information, documented verification of compliance with requirements, and an inspection of products to confirm that products have achieved their required attributes or conform to released product configuration definition information.”
audit
The technical reviews and audits to be performed occur throughout the system life cycle and should be captured in the project’s _______ and reflected in the project’s ________
SEMP, Schedule
They should be _______ for the needs of the project and the methodologies being used.
tailored
During the system functional review, the _________ baseline is reviewed.
functional
During the preliminary design review, the _________ baseline is reviewed.
allocated
During the critical design review, the _________ baseline is reviewed.
product
Technical reviews and audits provide an opportunity to assess the following:
? The Sol is meeting its requirements
? The Sol is meeting ________ expectations, internal and external
? The Sol will have acceptable quality characteristics (QCs)
? The Sol is at an appropriate level of _________
? The Sol is at an acceptable level of risk
? There is a clear path toward _________ and _________ the Sol and its elements
stakeholder, maturity, verifying, validating
Good practices for technical reviews and audits include:
? Plan the review or audit
? Application of multiple instances of the reviews and audits, both at multiple levels of the systems hierarchy and during each increment or iteration
? Elimination of ___________ reviews or audits
? Establish clear ______ and _______ criteria for each review and audit
? Establish roles and responsibilities for the preparation, conduct, and acceptance
? Make the reviews be _____-driven or ____-driven
not schedule-driven (must happen on a certain date)
? Consider “dry-runs” to make the review as efficient as possible
? Include subject matter experts (SMEs) and independent reviewers
? Include all members of the team, including acquirers and suppliers
? Capture clear actions, with ownership and ________, for all issues that arise
? Follow up on actions that were raised
unnecessary, entry, exit, risk, event, due dates
Each technical review or audit should include knowledgeable participants as well as participants with sufficient _________. Possible participants:
? Project Manager
? Lead SE Practitioner/ Chief Engineer / Lead Engineer
? Review or Audit Chair
? Recorder (person charged with capturing the results of the review or audit)
? Acquirer Representative(s)
? Supplier Representative(s)
? Project Verification and Validation Lead
? Other Technical Leads
objectivity
The life cycle ______ are thus the framework within which the individual life cycle stages and transitions between them are planned and implemented.
models
A common way to differentiate them is to divide the life cycle
model approaches into three groups: sequential, incremental, and ______________.
evolutionary
Other sources define characteristics and tailoring factors that can be used to guide tailoring. As an example, Project Management Institute (PMI) has published their Situation Context Framework (SCF) (2022) that “defines how to select and tailor a situation-dependent strategy for _______ _______.
software development
The _________ approach is focused on the general flow of the processes with feedback loops, but a single delivery.
sequential
_________ life cycle models are characterized by a systematic approach that adheres to specified processes as the system moves through a series of representations from requirements through design to finished product. Specific attention is given to the completeness of documentation, traceability from requirements, and verification of each representation after the fact.
sequential