CH2 Cards -Part 1 dos Flashcards
1
Q
The overall purpose of Systems Engineering (SE) is to enable successful realization of the system while optimizing among competing stakeholder ___________.
A
objectives
2
Q
the set of stages for a system is termed a system ____ _____
A
life cycle
3
Q
One way in which realization is managed is by breaking the overall effort into transformational steps, or _____s, then checking for satisfactory fulfillment of system characteristics at the end of each _____
A
stage
4
Q
Stages often are not sequential and can occur ________ or as needed.
A
concurrently
5
Q
Stages can _______ and stages can be entered at any point in the life cycle.
A
overlap
6
Q
____________ systems (see Section 1.3.3) also have their own life cycles, which must be integrated
with that of the Sol.
A
enabling
7
Q
Requirements must be flowed down to the __________ to be integrated and the decision gates should support progressive integration into the final Sol in a timely manner to help ensure that the ____________s can be progressively integrated.
A
elements
8
Q
The system lifecycle 6 stages are:
A
concept, development, production, utilization, support, and retirement
9
Q
The ______ stage can include exploratory research and begins with recognition of a need for a new or modified mission or business capability. Unless the solution is immediately at hand, which is the first thing to analyze, new potential solutions will need to be sought. Exploration needs to address both short- and long-range factors, including technical, economic, market, and resource considerations, including human resources.Throughout the concept stage, it is critical to perform ongoing and robust assessment and management of risks. Getting feedback from current and potential stakeholders (e.g., customers, users, suppliers) significantly aids in developing solution concepts. The maturity and availability of enabling systems over the system life cycle must also be considered.
It is difficult to project the possibilities for as-yet untried solutions, though these may provide the greatest long-term benefit. At the same time,
A
concept
10
Q
In the ______stage it is key that the problem space is clearly defined (existing issue or new opportunity), the solution space is characterized, business or mission requirements, and stakeholder needs and requirements are identified.
A
concept
11
Q
In the ______ stage, an estimate of the cost, schedule, and performance across the life cycle can be derived.
A
concept
12
Q
Typical outputs from the ______ stage include preliminary concept artifacts (e.g., Operational Concept (OpsCon), Support Concept), SE methodology approach considerations, feasibility assessments (e.g., models, simulations, prototypes), preliminary architecture solutions, and stakeholder requirements.
A
concept
13
Q
The ________ stage is a particularly critical part of the system life cycle because the decisions made during the stage will shape, with increasing difficulty to change, the possibilities for all the remaining stages.
A
concept
14
Q
In the ____________ stage, it is easy to fall into the trap of projecting incremental changes to what has worked in the past and is used now, which can significantly limit the future possibilities.
A
concept
15
Q
The ___________ stage defines an Sol that meets its agreed-to stakeholder needs and requirements and can be produced, utilized, supported, and retired. System analyses, including trade-off analysis, as well as further modeling, simulation, and prototyping are performed to achieve system balance and to optimize the design for key parameters.
A
development
16
Q
The main aspect of the _________ stage is to mature the system concepts and stakeholder needs and requirements into an engineering baseline that can be produced, utilized, and supported over the desired span of its useful life, and finally retired in a responsible manner.
A
development
17
Q
The engineering baseline is set during the __________ stage, and includes system requirements, architecture, design, documentation, and plans for subsequent stages.
A
development
18
Q
Outputs of the ________ stage, can include an Sol prototype, enabling system requirements (or the enabling systems themselves), plans for integration, verification, validation, transition, acquisition, logistics support, risk management, staffing and training, and detailed cost estimates and schedules for future stages.
A
development
19
Q
The _________ stage begins with approval to translate the baselines of the development stage into
an actual system, or those parts of the Sol where approval is given (which is not uncommon for a complex system). The approval includes the enabling systems and must address all areas of the baseline.
A
production
20
Q
In the ________ stage, the Sol becomes reality, is qualified for use, and is ready for installation and transition under the utilization stage.
A
production
21
Q
The outputs of the _______ stage are the realized portions of the Sol (with its enabling systems) as well as the documentation that will go forward for use in the utilization, support, and retirement stages.
A
production
22
Q
The _______ stage begins with the transition to use of a system, or the parts of a system
approved for use. This includes any enabling systems that will support use of the system being used in its intended environment to provide its intended capabilities.
A
utilization
23
Q
Product modifications are often introduced throughout the _________ stage, which generally is much longer than the other stages. Such changes can remedy deficiencies, enhance the capabilities, or extend the life of the system.
A
utilization
24
Q
Throughout the _______stage, it is critical to maintain documentation from prior stages, as well as to ensure that Technical Management Processes, such as Configuration Management and Risk Management, and SE support remain in place and are robustly applied.
A
utilization
25
The ___________ stage proceeds in parallel with the support stage and ends, possibly by steps for different parts of the Sol, with the retirement stage.
utilization
26
The _______ stage begins with provisioning of support for the Sol's utilization. Planning and acquisition actions for the system support are often taken before utilization is allowed to start. These changes require SE assessments to avoid loss of system capabilities while under operation, or violation of non-performance related requirements.
support
27
In the ______ stage, deficiencies and failures are noted and used as the basis for either remediation of the problems, or to build a case for evolutionary modification.
support
28
In the ________ stage, modifications may be proposed to resolve supportability problems, to reduce operational costs, or to extend the life of a system.
support
29
The ________ stage ends when a decision is made that the system is at the end of its useful life or that it should no longer be supported.
support
30
The _________ stage is where the system or a system element and its related services are removed
from operation. SE activities in this stage are primarily focused on ensuring that disposal requirements, which can be extensive, are satisfied.
retirement
31
Planning for ________ is part of the system definition during the concept and development stages.
retirement
32
Early in the twenty-first century, many countries have changed their laws to hold the developer of a Sol accountable for proper end-of-life ______ of the system.
disposal
33
It is good practice to have risk-managing decision points that occur at the beginning and end of each _____.
stage
34
Note that some approaches, such as agile (see Section 4.2.2), accomplish their decision points in a different cadence and tend to avoid the terms "__________" and "_______ ______."
milestones, decision gates
35
Typical goals of decision gates are to confirm that:
? increase in system __________ is within the defined threshold;
? the project deliverables satisfy the business case;
? the resources are _________ to for the stage and subsequent stages;
? unresolved issues that need to be addressed in that stage are addressed; and
? overall risk for proceeding forward in the system life cycle is ____________.
maturity, sufficient, acceptable
36
At each decision gate, the options can include:
? Begin subsequent stage or stages;
? Continue this stage, possibly after some reformulation;
? Go to or restart a preceding stage;
? ____ the project activity;
? Terminate the project.
Hold
37
The consequences of conducting a superficial review, omitting a critical discipline, or skipping a decision gate are usually _________ and _______.
long-term, costly
38
It is important to note that there may be significant changes in the project's environment. This may impact the project's business case, system scope, or resources needed. Consequently, the related decision ________ should be updated and evaluated at every decision gate. Inadequate consideration can set up subsequent failures-usually a major factor in cost overruns and delays.
criteria
39
Upon successful completion of a decision gate, some artifacts (e.g., documents, analysis results, models, or other products of a system life cycle stage) will have been approved as the basis upon which future work must build. These artifacts are placed under________ _________ along with the decisions made and the associated rationale and assumptions
configuration management
40
A ______ _____ is "a series of systems engineering activities conducted at logical transition points in a system life cycle, by which the progress of a [project] is assessed relative to its technical requirements using a mutually agreed-upon set of criteria"
technical review
41
An _____ is "a detailed review of processes, product definition information, documented verification of compliance with requirements, and an inspection of products to confirm that products have achieved their required attributes or conform to released product configuration definition information."
audit
42
The technical reviews and audits to be performed occur throughout the system life cycle and should be captured in the project's _______ and reflected in the project's ________
SEMP, Schedule
43
They should be _______ for the needs of the project and the methodologies being used.
tailored
44
During the system functional review, the _________ baseline is reviewed.
functional
45
During the preliminary design review, the _________ baseline is reviewed.
allocated
46
During the critical design review, the _________ baseline is reviewed.
product
47
Technical reviews and audits provide an opportunity to assess the following:
? The Sol is meeting its requirements
? The Sol is meeting ________ expectations, internal and external
? The Sol will have acceptable quality characteristics (QCs)
? The Sol is at an appropriate level of _________
? The Sol is at an acceptable level of risk
? There is a clear path toward _________ and _________ the Sol and its elements
stakeholder, maturity, verifying, validating
48
Good practices for technical reviews and audits include:
? Plan the review or audit
? Application of multiple instances of the reviews and audits, both at multiple levels of the systems hierarchy and during each increment or iteration
? Elimination of ___________ reviews or audits
? Establish clear ______ and _______ criteria for each review and audit
? Establish roles and responsibilities for the preparation, conduct, and acceptance
? Make the reviews be _____-driven or ____-driven
not schedule-driven (must happen on a certain date)
? Consider "dry-runs" to make the review as efficient as possible
? Include subject matter experts (SMEs) and independent reviewers
? Include all members of the team, including acquirers and suppliers
? Capture clear actions, with ownership and ________, for all issues that arise
? Follow up on actions that were raised
unnecessary, entry, exit, risk, event, due dates
49
Each technical review or audit should include knowledgeable participants as well as participants with sufficient _________. Possible participants:
? Project Manager
? Lead SE Practitioner/ Chief Engineer / Lead Engineer
? Review or Audit Chair
? Recorder (person charged with capturing the results of the review or audit)
? Acquirer Representative(s)
? Supplier Representative(s)
? Project Verification and Validation Lead
? Other Technical Leads
objectivity
50
The life cycle ______ are thus the framework within which the individual life cycle stages and transitions between them are planned and implemented.
models
51
A common way to differentiate them is to divide the life cycle
model approaches into three groups: sequential, incremental, and ______________.
evolutionary
52
Other sources define characteristics and tailoring factors that can be used to guide tailoring. As an example, Project Management Institute (PMI) has published their Situation Context Framework (SCF) (2022) that "defines how to select and tailor a situation-dependent strategy for _______ _______.
software development
53
The _________ approach is focused on the general flow of the processes with feedback loops, but a single delivery.
sequential
54
_________ life cycle models are characterized by a systematic approach that adheres to specified processes as the system moves through a series of representations from requirements through design to finished product. Specific attention is given to the completeness of documentation, traceability from requirements, and verification of each representation after the fact.
sequential
55
__________ life cycle models break down SE activities into linear sequential stages, where each stage depends on the deliverables of the previous stages, along with feedback from subsequent stages.
sequential
56
The strengths of ________ life cycle models are predictability, stability, repeatability, and high assurance. Process improvement focuses on increasing process capability through standardization, measurement, and control. These models rely on "master plans" to anchor their processes and provide project-wide communication. Historical data is usually carefully collected and maintained as inputs to future planning to make projections more accurate (Boehm and Turner, 2004)
sequential
57
The _______ model has been used successfully in the manufacturing and construction industries, where the highly structured physical environments meant that design changes became prohibitively expensive much sooner in the development process. In addition, safety-critical products
waterfall
58
_________ approaches have been in use since the 1960s (Larman and Basili, 2003). They represent a practical and useful approach that allows a project to provide an initial capability (or a limited set of capabilities) followed by successive deliveries to reach the desired Sol.
incremental
59
The goal of an ________ approach is to provide rapid value and responsiveness.
incremental
60
An ____________ approach works well when an organization intends to market new versions of a product at planned intervals. Typically, the capabilities of the final delivery are known at the beginning. However, as there is significant technical risk, the development of the capabilities is performed ___________ to allow for the latest technology insertion or potential changes in needs or requirements.
incremental, incrementally
61
One example of an _________ approach is the Incremental Commitment Spiral Model (ICSM)
incremental
62
In the _________approach, project planning and management often benefit from a constant cadence among increments.
incremental
63
ICSM also considers products and processes; hardware, software, and human aspects; and business case analyses of alternative product configurations or product line investments. The stakeholders consider the risks and risk mitigation plans and decide on a _____ of _______.
course of action
64
In some cases, especially in novel systems, the final system requirements may be unknown or only partially known. An evolutionary approach provides the adaptability and flexibility needed for the development in these situations. For example, the high-temperature tiles of the NASA space shuttle were developed using an evolutionary approach (Forsberg, 1995). Software development efforts are increasingly using ___________ methods, which are a type of evolutionary development. In evolutionary approaches, cycles are typically planned on a regular periodic basis, each resulting in a deployable version. Similar to the incremental
approach, versions may be developed sequentially or in parallel. This is a particular challenge for those involved in the project, since new capabilities are typically assigned to exactly one version. If this assignment is lost or becomes unclear, this leads to confusion and negatively impacts the schedule and cost targets. Thus, a well-functioning configuration control is essential, also since multiple versions can be operated and supported simultaneously (see Section 2.3.4.5). Aspects to be considered include operating manuals, maintenance instructions, spare parts, disposal instructions, etc.
When developing subsequent versions, it is recommended to carefully examine whether the previous versions should be completely replaced by newer ones. Alternatively, subsequent versions can be developed such that a partial or even complete upgrade of the previous versions to the new version is possible. For this, it is necessary that these things are considered during the early cycles. t (see Section 3.1.2).
DevSecOps (a blend of "development," "security," and "operations"), shown in Figure 2.8, integrates secu-rity practices into DevOps. In DevSecOps, each delivery team is responsible and empowered to pick appropriate security means.
agile
65
In the ________ and ________ approaches described previously, the full set of required capabilities of the final system is assumed to be mostly known at the start of the effort.
sequential, incremental
66
An _________ approach is often used in research and development (R&D) projects and SoS developments.
evolutionary
67
In the _____________ approach, the requirements for the Sol are typically only partially known and are increasingly refined with each cycle. At the beginning, the goal of each cycle may be more or less unknown. Therefore, it is particularly important that the experience gained with the earlier cycles is taken into account for the subsequent cycles.
evolutionary
68
In the ____________ approach, a well-functioning configuration control is essential, also since multiple versions can be operated and supported simultaneously.
evolutionary
69
The ___________ approach offers significant advantages if it is possible to obtain steady and high-quality feedback from relevant stakeholders. For example, the first versions can be used to demonstrate basic feasibility, such as a minimal viable product (MVP), and facilitate market entry. Likewise, emerging technical innovations can be planned for later versions.
evolutionary
70
In the __________ approach, criteria such as adaptability, flexibility, and modularity should be carefully considered to enable the long-term evolution of the system. Decisions should be made in the context of life cycle
cost.
evolutionary
71
An example of an ____________ approach is DevOps (a blend of the terms and concepts for "development" and "operations"). The goal of DevOps is to provide continuous integration of the system and continuous delivery of capabilities. DevOps is typically characterized by three key principles: shared ownership, workflow automation, and rapid feedback.
evolutionary
72
There are ____ process groups
3
73
A process is a series of _______ and _______ performed to achieve one or more outcomes for a stated purpose.
activities, tasks
74
The processes are intended to be applied concurrently, ___________, and recursively with other enablers ( e.g., tools, technology) throughout the stages of the life cycle
iteratively
75
_______ is the parallel application of two or more processes at a given level in the system hierarchy.
Concurrency
76
___________ is the repeated application of and interaction between two or more processes at a given level in the system hierarchy. It is needed to accommodate stakeholder decisions
and evolving understanding, account for architectural decisions or constraints, and resolve trade-offs for affordability, adaptability, feasibility, resilience, etc.
Iteration
77
____________ is the repeated application of the set of life cycle processes, tailored as appropriate, at successive levels in the system hierarchy.
Recursion
78
The Technical Management and Technical Processes are expected to be ___________ applied for each successive level of the system hierarchy until the level is reached where the decision is made to make, buy, or reuse a system element (see Section 1.3.5). During the __________ application of the processes, the outputs at one level become inputs for the next successive level.
recursively
79
_________ __________ ensures completeness before diving deeper and vertical integration ensures consistency between levels in this concurrent, iterative, and recursive environment (see Section 2.3.5.8). For example, one may have to define functions, their inputs and outputs, their associated performance and conditions of operations before writing the associated requirement. Then one can define the related verification (method, conditions, criteria), from which one can postulate the next-lower-level architecture to assess feasibility and perform the related function, performance, or requirements decomposition and allocation. However, teams may need to go down multiples levels to validate that the functions or elements at the lower levels are going to be suitable solutions for the Sol and its stakeholders.
Horizontal Integration
80
________ Processes define the activities necessary to establish an agreement between two organizations.
[Agreement]
81
The Agreement Processes are utilized under many conditions, including when:
? an organization cannot satisfy a defined _______ itself,
? a supplier can satisfy a defined need in a more _______ or ________ manner,
? a higher authority has directed the use of a specific supplier, and
? an organization needs materials or specialized services.
need, economical or timely
82
An overall objective of _________ Processes is to identify the interfaces between the acquirer and supplier(s) and establish the terms and conditions of these relationships, including identifying the inputs required and the outputs that will be provided.
Agreement
83
_________ criteria are critical elements to each party because they protect both sides of the business relationship.
Acceptance
84
Two Agreement Processes are identified by ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288: the _________ process and the ___________ process.
Acquisition, supply
85
Changes may happen during the execution of an agreement including acquirer change requests, deviations and waivers from the supply chain, or changes in the context of the project that were foreseen in risk analysis or not. Upon decision of the parties, this may lead to modifications to the initial state of the agreement. For that purpose, a statement of _______ may be initiated
compliance
86
The purpose of the _________ process is to obtain a product or service in accordance with the acquirer's requirements.
Acquisition
87
An _________ organization applies due diligence in the selection of a supplier to avoid costly failures and impacts to the organization's budgets and schedules and other issues. Therefore, the role of the __________ demands familiarity with the Technical, Technical Management, and Organizational Project-Enabling Processes, as it is through them that the supplier will execute the agreement.
acquiring, acquirer
88
Common approaches of the _________ process is to:
? Establish acquisition guidance and procedures that inform acquisition planning, including recommended milestones, standards, assessment criteria, and decision gates.
? Establish a __________ point of responsibility within the organization for monitoring and controlling individual agreements.
? Define and track measures that indicate progress on agreements. Leading indicators are preferable.
? Include technical representation in the selection of the suppliers
? Past _____________ of the supplier is highly important, but changes to key supplier personnel should be identified
? Communicate clearly with the supplier about priorities and avoid conflicting statements or making frequent changes in the statement of need that introduce risk into the process.
? Maintain ________ between the supplier's responses to the acquirer's solicitation.
? Smart contracts can be used to establish and maintain an agreement. A smart contract is a transaction protocol intended to execute automatically and control or document legally relevant events and actions according to the terms of a contract or an agreement
acquisition, technical, performance, traceability
89
The Project Manager's role is to define, execute, and manage the acquisition. This is done in collaboration with the SE practitioners and the selected contractor to ensure the technical expectations and key performance parameters are achieved. The team needs to define plans and methods collectively, and refine them as more is learned about the nature and challenges inherent in the system or capability being built and its intended _________ ___________.
operating environment
90
When the acquisition involves systems or system elements where technology or a system capability is not mature enough, it is necessary to account for uncertainty and the need for additional risk management actions in the planning. These challenges may also include limited availability of adequate resources for the supplier If there is no flexibility in the delivery date, then_________ may be needed to provide the system capabilities in an incremental manner.
trade-offs
91
Technical supplier management is about ensuring the supplier meets the allocated project requirements and that the supplier is effectively managed. This is usually achieved through the Statement of Work (SOW) and a set of _________. To prove the system/system element functional, performance, and operational ___________ are met, the supplier will also need to provide ________ matrices and verification and validation evidence.
requirements, requirements, compliance
92
The purpose of the ________ process is to provide an acquirer with a product or service that meets agreed requirements.
Supply
93
The _________ process is highly dependent upon the Technical, Technical Management, and Organizational Project-Enabling Processes as it is through them that the work of executing the agreement is accomplished. This means that the ________ process is the larger context in which the other processes are applied under the agreement.
Supply, supply
94
Common approaches of the ________ process is to:
? Relationship building and ______ between the parties is a nonquantifiable quality that, while not a substitute for good processes, makes human interactions agreeable.
? Develop technology white papers or similar artifacts to demonstrate and describe to the (potential) acquirer the range of capabilities in areas of interest.
? When expertise is not available within the organization (legal and other governmental regulations, laws, etc.), retain subject matter experts to provide information and specify requirements related to agreements.
? Invest sufficient time and effort into understanding acquirer _____ before the agreement.
? Involve personnel who will be responsible for agreement execution to participate in the evaluation of and response to the acquirer's request.
? Make a critical assessment of the ability of the organization to execute the agreement.
Supply, trust, needs
95
Agreements fall into a large range, from formal to very informal based on _______ understanding (e.g., from a written contract to a verbal agreement). Agreements may call for a fixed price, cost plus fixed fee, incentives for early delivery, penalties for late deliveries, and other financial motivators.
verbal
96
The _________ __________ __________ Processes are concerned with providing the resources needed to enable the project to meet the needs and expectations of the organization's stakeholders.
Organizational Project-Enabling
97
The _________ __________ __________ Processes are typically concerned at a strategic level with the management and improvement of the organization's undertaking, with the provision and deployment of resources and assets, and with its management of risks in competitive or uncertain situations ....
Organizational Project-Enabling
98
The _________ __________ __________ Processes establish the environment in which projects are conducted.
Organizational Project-Enabling
99
The purpose of the ________________ process is to define, maintain, and hel)) ensure availability of policies, life cycle processes, life cycle models, and procedures for use by the organization with respect to the scope of ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288.
Life Cycle Model Management
100
The ________________ process (i) establishes and maintains a set of policies and procedures at the organization level that support the organization's ability to acquire and supply products and services and (ii) provides integrated system life cycle models necessary to meet the organization's strategic plans, policies, goals, and objectives for all projects and all system life cycle stages.
Life Cycle Model Management
101
The _________________ processes are defined, adapted, and maintained to support the requirements of the organization, SE organizational units, individual projects, and personnel. The __________________ process is supplemented by recommended methods and tools. The resulting guidelines in the form of organization policies and procedures are still subject to tailoring by projects.
Life Cycle Model Management
102
Common approaches of the ______________ process is to:
? Base the policies and procedures on an organization-level strategic and business area plan that provides a comprehensive understanding of the organization's goals, objectives, stakeholders, competitors, future business, and technology trends.
? Ensure that policy and procedure compliance review is included as part of the business decision gate criteria.
? Develop a process information database with essential information that provides an effective mechanism for disseminating consistent guidelines and providing announcements about organization- related topics, as well as industry trends, research findings, and other relevant information.
? Establish an organization center of excellence.
? Manage the network of external relationships by assigning personnel to identify standards, industry and academia research, and other sources of organization management information and concepts needed by the organization.
? Establish an organization communication plan for the policies and procedures.
? Include stakeholders, such as engineering and project management organizations, as participants in developing the life cycle model management guidelines.
? Develop alternative life cycle models based on the type, scope, complexity, and risk of a project.
Life Cycle Model Management
103
SE ____________ involves comparing an organization's system life cycle processes and practices
to those of other entities that are considered as good performers, internally or externally, or comparing to industry standards or good practices.
benchmarking
104
An organization engaged in SE provides the requirements for establishing, maintaining,
and improving the_______________ and the policies, practices, and supporting functional processes necessary to meet the needs throughout the organization. Further, it defines the process for tailoring
standard SE processes
105
A high-performing organization also reviews the process, conducts assessments and audits, retains corporate memory through the understanding of lessons learned, and establishes how benchmarked processes and practices of related organizations can affect the organization. The SE organization should periodically review____________ together with the measures and other information to analyze and improve SE processes and practices.
lessons learned
106
The basic requirements for standard and project-tailored SE process control, based on _____ (2018)
CMMI
107
The Purpose of the __________________ Process is to provide the infrastructure and services to projects to support organization and project objectives throughout the life cycle.
Infrastructure Management
108
The work of the organization is accomplished through projects, which are conducted within the context of the infrastructure environment. This infrastructure needs to be defined and understood within the organization and the project to ensure alignment of the working units and achievement of overall organization_________________.
strategic objectives
109
_________________ is foundational to all SE process management and improvement. Effective ________________ is imperative to an organization's ability to change and for that change to be positive, durable, and impactful. Additionally, the ________________ process includes the physical, political, and process improvement infrastructures.
Infrastructure Management
110
Common approaches of the ______________ process is to:
? Qualified resources may be leased or licensed.
? Establish an organization infrastructure architecture. Integrating the infrastructure of the organization can make the execution of routine business activities more efficient.
? Establish a resource management information system with enabling support systems and services to maintain, track, allocate, and improve the resources
? Attend to _________ factors, including facilities and human factors
? Begin planning in _____ life cycle stages
? Engage project management, risk management, and business management processes to fully integrate these processes to ensure organizational adoption.
Infrastructure Management, physical, early
111
The organization environment and subsequent investment decisions are built on the existing organization infrastructure, including facilities, equipment, personnel, and knowledge. Efficient use of these resources is achieved by exploiting opportunities to share________systems or to use a _________ system element on more than one project.
enabling, common
112
_________________relies heavily on forecasts into the future of the demand and supply of various resources.
Infrastructure Management
113
The purpose of the _______________ process is to initiate and sustain necessary, sufficient, and suitable projects to meet the strategic objectives of the organization.
Portfolio Management
114
The ______________________ process also performs ongoing evaluation of the projects and systems in its portfolio. Based on periodic assessments, projects are determined to justify continued investment if they have the following characteristics:
? Contribute to the organization strategy
? Progress toward achieving established goals
? Comply with project directives from the organization
? Are conducted according to an approved plan
? Provide a service or product that is still needed and providing acceptable investment returns
Otherwise, projects may be redirected or, in extreme instances, _____________.
Portfolio Management, terminated
115
Common approaches of the ______________ process is to:
? Logic modeling techniques that capture how an organization works can aid development or evaluation of business area plans
? When investment opportunities present themselves, prioritize them based on measurable criteria
? Expected project outcomes should be based on clearly defined, measurable criteria to ensure that an objective assessment of progress can be determined.
? Establish organizational coordination mechanisms to manage the synergies between active projects in the organization portfolio.
? Use a ______ ______engineering approach when stakeholders need the same or similar systems, with some customizations.
? Include risk assessments in the evaluation of ongoing projects.
? Include opportunity assessments (see Section 2.3.4.4) in the evaluation of ongoing projects.
? Allocate resources based on the requirements of the projects
? Establish effective ______________ processes that directly support investment decision making and communications with project management.
Portfolio Management, product line, governance
116
In Portfolio Management, for [large or small] projects, sophisticated engineering models, or even prototypes of key system elements, help prove that the objectives of the business case can be met, and that the system will work as envisioned prior to committing large amounts of resources to full-scale engineering. For [larger or smaller] projects, when the total investment is modest, proof-of-concept models may be constructed during the concept stage to prove the validity of business case assumptions.
large, small
117
The disciplines of project management and SE have [separate or overlapping] responsibilities regarding portfolio management. To save time, share knowledge, facilitate the accomplishment of shared objectives, and achieve success, a strong partnership should exist between each of these disciplines
overlapping
118
The purpose of the _____________ process is to provide the organization with necessary human resources and to maintain their competencies, consistent with strategic needs.
Human Resource Management
119
The _______________ process provides the mechanisms whereby the organization management is made aware of project needs and personnel are scheduled to be in place when requested. While this can be simply stated, it is less simply executed. Conflicts must be resolved, personnel must be trained, and employees are entitled to vacations and time away from the job.
Human Resource Management
120
Common approaches of the ______________ process is to:
? The ___________ and suitability of personnel is one of the critical project assessments and provides feedback for improvement and reward mechanisms.
? Consider using an IPDT environment as a means to reduce the frequency of project rotation, recognize progress and accomplishments and reward success.
? Maintain both a listing of skill needs and the paths to obtain the necessary expertise, including a pipeline of candidates, training provisions, consultants, temporary outsourcing, reassignments, etc.
? Personnel are allocated based on requests and conflicts are negotiated. The goal is to provide personnel to a project when they are needed to keep the project on target and on budget.
? Try to avoid the overcommitment of project personnel, especially people with specialized skills.
? Skills inventory and career development plans are important documentation that can be validated by engineering and project management. The INCOSE____ and _____ are comprehensive resources of skills that can be used to develop career development plans.
? Maintain an organization career development program that is not sidetracked by project demands. Develop a policy that all personnel receive training or educational benefits on a regular cycle. This includes both undergraduate and graduate studies, in-house training courses, certifications, tutorials, workshops, and conferences.
? Remember to provide training on organization policies and procedures and system life cycle processes.
? Establish a resource management information infrastructure with enabling support systems and services to maintain, track, allocate, and improve the resources for present and future organization needs.
? Use the slack time in the beginning of a project to provide training to ensure necessary skills.
? Career development plans should be managed and aligned to the objectives of both the employee and the organization. Career development plans should be reviewed, tracked, and refined to provide a mechanism to help manage the employee's career within the organization.
Human Resource Management, availability, SECF and SECAG
121
The _____________________ process maintains and manages the people required by the portfolio of organization projects. It is the efficient and effective deployment of qualified personnel when and where they are needed. A balance should be found between efficiency and robustness. the process relies heavily on forecasts into the future of the demand and supply of various resources.
Human Resource Management
122
The primary objective of the _______________________ process is to provide a pool of qualified personnel to the organization. This is complicated by the number of sources for requests, the need to balance the skills of the labor pool against the other infrastructure elements (e.g., computer-based tools), the need to maintain a balance between the budgets of individual projects and the cost of resources.
Human Resource Management
123
The purpose of the____________ process is to assure that products, services, and implementations of the _________________process meet organizational and project quality objectives and achieve customer satisfaction.
Quality Management
124
Properly communicated, through policy and procedure, the ________________ process makes visible the goals of the organization to achieve customer satisfaction. These goals, when supported by measurable activities, provide feedback for maintaining consistency in work processes and delivering quality outcomes.
Quality Management
125
The ____________ process for SE ensures that all SE processes are deployed consistently by capable staff that can then produce systems designs that fulfill the stakeholder's requirements and lead to development and build processes that are aligned to produce high levels of performance throughout the organization.
Quality Management
126
Common approaches of the ______________ process is to:
? Management's commitment to quality is reflected in the integration of QM principles in the strategic planning and budgeting of the organization, and the allocation of educational resources to achieve and sustain a reliable QM culture.
? A quality policy, mission, strategies, goals, and objectives provide essential inputs along with a description of an organization's fundamental values for supporting a growing QM culture.
Quality Management
127
The four generally accepted foundational values of quality are its definition, its system, the standard for quality, and the method for measuring quality. Philip Crosby called them the Four Absolutes of Quality:
- The definition of quality is meeting the stakeholder's ____________, _________, and ________.
- The system of quality is prevention.
- The standard for Quality is Zero Defects (ZD ).
- The method for measuring quality is the price of non-conformance
requirements, needs and expectations
128
SE practitioners need to have sufficient process knowledge and a QM knowledge base to be able to evaluate prevention options and make continuous, incremental improvements. When engineering disciplines are supported by planning and budgeting skills that resonate with the organization, we can achieve __________ ________ with effective, efficient, and profitable outcomes, low defect rates, and delighted stakeholders. Deming, in his "14 Points" emphasized the need to "create constancy of purpose for improving products and services" and that it should be supported by "a vigorous program of education and self-improvement for everyone"
Process Quality
129
The purpose of the _________________ process is to create the capability and assets that enable the organization to exploit opportunities to re-apply existing knowledge.
Knowledge Management
130
________________ process includes the identification, capture, creation, representation, dissemination, and exchange of knowledge across targeted groups of stakeholders. It draws from the insights and experiences of individuals and/or organizational groups or projects. The knowledge includes both explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge and can come from either individuals or organizations.
Knowledge Management
131
The support to the _______________process to the project can come in several ways, including:
? Knowledge captured
? Lessons learned
? Domain engineering information
? Architecture or design patterns
? Other reusable assets
Knowledge Management
132
____________ efforts typically focus on organizational objectives such as improved performance, competitive advantage, innovation, the sharing of good practices or lessons learned, avoidance of relearning practices, integration, and continuous improvement of the organization (Gupta and Sharma, 2004).
Knowledge Management
133
? The planning for _________________ may include:
- Plans for obtaining and maintaining knowledge assets for their useful life.
- Characterization of the types of assets to be collected and maintained along with a scheme to classify them.
- Criteria for accepting, qualifying, and retiring knowledge assets.
- Procedures for controlling changes to the knowledge assets.
- A mechanism for knowledge asset storage and retrieval.
? Iit is important to identify and manage both the commonalities and the differences or variations of the system elements. The domain representations should include:
- Definition of the boundaries.
- Relationships of the domains to other domains.
- Domain models that incorporate the commonalities and differences allowing for sensitivity analysis.
- An architecture for a system family or product line within the domain.
Knowledge Management
134
It is important to capture end-of-project lessons learned prior to the project personnel moving on to new assignment. However, an effective ______________ process has the knowledge capture mechanisms in place to capture the relevant information throughout the life of the project, rather than trying to piece it together at the end.
Knowledge Management
135
________________ for Product Lines and Reuse. Issues important to the organization include:
? Definition and planning of KM activities for domain engineering and asset preservation.
? Integration of architecture management into the KM system including frameworks, architecture reuse, architecture reference models, architecture patterns, platform-based engineering, and product line architecture.
? Characterization of the types of assets to be collected and maintained including an effective means for users to find the applicable assets.
? Determination of the quality and validity of the assets.
Knowledge Management
136
Potential Reuse Issues. There are serious traps in reuse, especially with respect to commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) and non-developmental item (NDI) elements:
? Trap: the prior solution was intended for a different use, environment, or performance level, or it was only a prototype.
? Trap: it worked perfectly, but the new application is outside the qualified range (e.g., using a standard car for a high-speed track race).
? Is the new system or system element going to operate in the same environment as the prior one? Trap: it is not certain, but there is no time to study it.
?Trap: too often, the development team assumes that if a reuse solution will be applied (especially for COTS), there is no need for well-defined system definition.
? Trap: a solution that worked in the past was used without consideration for the evolution of the solution. If COTS is used, there may be no way to adapt or modify it for emergent requirements.
A properly functioning ____________ system paired with well-defined processes and engineering discipline can help avoid these problems.
Knowledge Management
