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Psychology > Ch2&11 Albert > Flashcards

Ch2&11 Albert Flashcards

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1
Q

case study vs longitudinal study

A

case study focuses on less individuals while longitudinal focuses on larger population

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2
Q

cohort effect

A

differences among generations of people in a population (~longitudinal design)

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3
Q

hawthorne effect

A

how behavior may change when it is being observed

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4
Q

forer effect

A

how people rate general descriptions of personality as highly accurate (aka horoscopes)

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5
Q

placebo effect

A

when given a placebo, people tend to report feeling better (even though it’s a fake)

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6
Q

flynn effect

A

steady increase in average performance on intelligence tests in industrialized societies

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7
Q

random assignment

A

when participants are assigned to either the experimental/control group randomly (selecting every 5th person for experimental)

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8
Q

random sample

A

where participants are chosen at random to participate in the study (sending invitations to all homes with 8 in address)

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9
Q

representative sample

A

where the participants for the study are purposely chosen from a variety of backgrounds (controls confounding variables)

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10
Q

stratified sampling vs random selection

A

stratified sampling - researcher first divides population into target groups and determines what percentage of sample should belong to each group

vs

random selection - single group of subjects selected by chance

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11
Q

purpose for using inferential statistics

A

they determine whether psychological research can be generalized to a larger population

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12
Q

random assignment vs random selection

A
  1. random assignment - every participant in study has equal chance of being in experimental/control group
  2. random selection - all members in population have equal chance of being in study
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13
Q

emotional intelligence

A

ability to perceive, understand, manage and use emotions (of yours and others)

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14
Q

who invented stanford-binet test?

A

lewis terman

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15
Q

who invented triarchic theory of analytical, personal and creative intelligence?

A

robert sternberg

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16
Q

which theorist would argue that intelligence is a single, innate quality that can be measured by standardized intelligence tests?

A

Lewis Terman (invented Stanford-Binet test and first large-scale intelligence test)

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17
Q

which was first modern day intelligence test?

1) binet-simon
2) stanford-binet

A

binet-simon was first test, determined whether or not a child would benefit from extra help due to their mental score

stanford-binet was revised formula to calculate IQ score

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18
Q

who created intelligence test that is currently used MOST often?

A

david weschler (WAIS, WISC)

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19
Q

robert sternberg 3 types of intelligence

A
  1. practical (street smarts)
  2. analytical (book smarts)
  3. creative
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20
Q

projective test and example

A

when a subject’s interpretation of image is analyzed by a researcher

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21
Q

explain each validity

  1. external
  2. construct
  3. convergent
  4. content
  5. face
A
  1. researcher’s ability to generalize the conclusions they make from experiment
  2. how well a test measured what it claims to measure
  3. whether a test delivers similar results as other similar tests
  4. whether test measures all parts of psychological construct
  5. if test appears to measure what it is supposed to measure
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22
Q

achievement test vs intelligence test

A
  1. achievement - measures what someone has learned

2. intelligence - measures someone’s mental aptitudes and compares them to others (numerical score)

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23
Q

objective vs subjective tests

A
  1. objective - scored easily by machine (MMPI, MBTI)

2. subjective - individuals given ambiguous figure to analyze (TAT, RIT)

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24
Q

inter-rather reliability (subjective test)

A

measure of how similarly 2 diff people would score a test

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25
Q
    • criterion validity = predictive validity

* * content validity = construct validity

A

remember these

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26
Q

intelligence is influenced by

A

ability to learn from experience, solve problems and adapt to new situations

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27
Q

IQ formula

A

MA/CA x 100

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28
Q

terman believed that intelligence was largely _____

A

innate

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29
Q

intellectual disability IQ score

A

scores 30 pets below average

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30
Q

giftedness IQ score

A

30 pts above average

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31
Q

standardization sample

A

large sample of test takers who represent population for which test is intended (normal curve)

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32
Q

Galton (scientist)

A
  1. “nature vs nurture”

2. smarter ppl should breed

33
Q

Alfred Binet

A
  1. identities French school children in need of assistance

2. Binet-Simon approach

34
Q

Lewis Terman

A
  1. Stanford-Binet test
  2. longitudinal tests
  3. IQ
35
Q

William Stern

A
  1. also IQ formula
36
Q

Wechsler

A
  1. WAIS (most widely used intelligence test, contains verbal/nonverbal tests)
  2. deviation IQ
37
Q

savant syndrome-

A

individuals who have remarkable talent even though mental slow in other domains (g factor isn’t reliable!!)

38
Q

psychometric tradition

A

those who have been interested in developing tests to measure mental abilities (IQ tests, SATs, personality tests)

39
Q

Charles Spearman

A
  1. proved that individuals scores on diff tests are often parallel to each other (“general intelligence”)
40
Q

Charles Spearman

g-factor

A

innate feature, born with it (ex: athleticism)

41
Q

Raymond Cattell

A

general intelligence =

  1. crystallized (ability to store/receive info)
  2. fluid (ability to see complex relationships and solve problems)
42
Q

Howard Gardner (explain each)

  1. linguistic
  2. logical-mathematical
  3. spatial
  4. musical
  5. bodily kinesthetic
  6. interpersonal
  7. intrapersonal
A
  1. vocab, reading comprehension
  2. math/logic problems
  3. mental images of objects
  4. ability to perform using rhythms, pitches
  5. controlled movement: dancer, surgeon
  6. understand other ppl
  7. know oneself, self-identity
43
Q

who created interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligences?

A

Daniel Goleman

44
Q

Rosenthal/Jacobson

self-fulfilling prophecy (the Pygmalion Effect)

A

observations or behaviors that result primarily from expectations

45
Q

Henry Goddard

A

believed intelligence was inherited trait

46
Q

heritability

A

amount of trait variation within a group raised under same environment

47
Q

Arthur Jensen (nature)

A

racial differences in IQ have genetic basis

48
Q

Scarr & Weinberg

nurture

A

compared black/white children living in similar environment

= no differences in IQ

49
Q

empirical investigation

A

research that relies on observations

50
Q

5 steps of scientific method:

A
  1. developing hypothesis
  2. performing controlled test (IV)
  3. collecting objective data (DV)
  4. accepting/rejecting hypothesis
  5. publishing, criticizing, replicating results
51
Q

3 types of variables:

A
  1. confounding/extraneous - have unwanted influence on outcome
  2. IV
  3. DV
52
Q

random assignment

A

each subject of sample has equal likelihood of being chosen for experimental/control group of experiment

53
Q

ex-post facto

A

when subjects are chosen based on a pre-existing condition

54
Q

correlation coefficient

A

between -1 and 1

55
Q

longitudinal study

A

one group is followed and observed for extended period of time

56
Q

cross-sectional study

A

when cross section of the population is tested at specific increments

57
Q

cohort sequential study

A

when cross section of the population is followed and taken multiple measurements from during a long period of time
(yields better data!!)

58
Q

what are the variables for causation?

A
  1. controlled group
  2. IV
  3. random assignment
59
Q

2 types of confounding variables

A
  1. participant relevant - if person is taller, faster, stronger
  2. situation relevant - environment; if test starts late
60
Q
  1. scatter plots depict ___

2. bar graphs depict ___

A
  1. correlation

2. ex post facto

61
Q

does naturalistic observation explain behavior?

A

no, only describes it

62
Q

operational definition

A

statement of the procedures in which a researcher is going to measure

63
Q

frequency distribution

A

summary chart, showing how frequently each of the various scores occurs

64
Q

histogram

A

bad graph depicting frequency distribution

65
Q

descriptive statistics

A

statistical procedures used to describe characteristics/responses of groups of subjects

66
Q

2 types of descriptive statistics

A
  1. measure of central tendency

2. measure of variability

67
Q

3 types of central tendency

A
  1. mean
  2. median
  3. mode
68
Q

2 measures of variability

A
  1. range

2. standard deviation

69
Q

z score

A

how many standard deviations away (+1,-2)

70
Q

inferential statistics

A

statistical techniques used to prove whether results are reliable or results of chance (compare 2 groups)

71
Q

random sample

A

sample group of subjects selected by chance (ex: picking out of hat)

72
Q

representative sample

A

sample reflects distribution of important variables (ex: age, ethnicity)

73
Q

significant difference

A

difference is real when chance is less than 5%

74
Q

illusory correlation

A

perceived non-existent correlation

ex: gambling, favorite pen = good grades

75
Q

what does “regression towards mean” mean?

A

tendency for scores to average out

76
Q

meta analysis

A

research strategy where researchers examine the results of several previous studies
(ex: high school research papers)

77
Q

how to control variables?

A

samples

78
Q

demand characteristics

A

when subjects pick up cues during an experiment and modify their behavior

79
Q

type 1 and type 2 errors

A
  1. type 1 (permanently wrong)

2. type 2 (missing something that is there)

Psychology (3 decks)

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