Ch.18 Practical Applications of Immunology Flashcards
variolation
inoculations of smallpox into the skin
what did Jenner do?
inoculated cowpox to prevent smallpox( cross-reaction)
vaccine
suspension of organisms or fractions of organisms that induce immunity
what do vaccines provoke?
a primary immune
response
formation of antibodies
and memory cells
what do vaccines produce?
rapid, intense secondary response
Herd immunity:
immunity in most of the population
Outbreaks are sporadic due
to the lack of susceptible individuals
what is a live attenuated vaccine?
The weakened pathogen, with reduced virulence, retains all of its antigenic properties
confers along cellular & humoral immunity
how is a live attenuated vaccine prepared?
mutate virulence genes;
maintain the virus in cell culture or non-human host
live attenuated vaccine mimics what?
actual infection
inactivated killed vaccines
safer than live vaccines
require boost doses
induce mostly humoral immunity
subunit vaccines use what?
antigenic fragments to stimulate an immune response
recombinant vaccines:
subunit vaccines produced by genetic modification
toxoids
inactivated toxins
virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines:
resemble intact viruses but do not contain viral genetic material (HPV vaccine)
Polysaccharide vaccines:
made from molecules in the pathogen’s capsule; not very immunogenic
ex:meningococcal vaccine & pneumococcal vaccine
conjugated vaccines:
used for diseases in children with
poor immune response to
capsular polysaccharides
‒ Link polysaccharide to
protein->produces
stronger immune response
nucleic acid (DNA) Vaccines
‒ Naked DNA is injected into
recipient cells & produces
the protein antigen
encoded in the DNA
‒ Stimulates humoral and cellular
immunity
Recombinant vector vaccines:
Use virulent viruses or bacteria
as delivery systems or vectors to
deliver genes coding for antigens
Vectors are genetically modified
skin patch:
delivers dry vaccine; skin has an abundance of antigen-presenting
cells (Eliminates needles, simplified process)
multiple combination vaccines:
reduce the number of injections
Adjuvants:
chemical additives that enhance the effectiveness of the vaccine
vaccine safety
vaccines can cause the disease
may have minor side effects: tenderness at the injection site, headache, fever, mild rash, & fatigue
safest & most effective means of preventing infectious disease in children
