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APUSH > Ch.16/18/19 Key Terms and People > Flashcards

Ch.16/18/19 Key Terms and People Flashcards

0
Q

Breakers?

A

Slave drivers who employed the lash to brutally “break” the souls of strong-willed slaves.

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1
Q

West Africa Squadron?

A

British Royal Navy force formed to enforce the abolition of the slave trade in 1807. Intercepted hundreds of slave ships and freed thousands of Africans.

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2
Q

Black Belt?

A

Region of the Deep South with highest Concentration of slaves. The “Black Belt” emerged in the nineteenth century as cotton production became more profitable and slavery expanded south and west.

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3
Q

Responsorial?

A

Call and response style of preaching that melted christian and african traditions. Practiced by African slaves in the south.

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4
Q

Nat Turner’s Rebellion

A

1831 Virginia slave revolt that resulted in the deaths of sixty whites and raised fears among white Southerners of future uprisings.

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5
Q

Amistad?

A

1839 Spanish slave ship seized off the coast of Cuba by the enslaved Africans aboard. The ship was driven ashore in Long Island and the slaves were put on trial. Former president John Quincy Adams argued their case before the Supreme Court, securing their eventual release.

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6
Q

American Colonization Society?

A

Reflecting the focus of early abolitionists on transporting freed blacks back to Africa. Created Liberia.

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7
Q

Liberia?

A

West-African nation founded in 1822 as a haven for freed blacks, fifteen thousand of whom made their way back across the Atlantic by the 1860s.

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8
Q

The Liberator?

A

Antislavery newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison, who called for the immediate emancipation of all slaves.

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9
Q

American Anti-Slavery Society?

A

Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, who advocated for the immediate abolition of slavery. By 1838, the organization had more than 250,000 members across 1,350 chapters.

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10
Q

Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World?

A

Incendiary abolitionist tract advocating for the violent overthrow of slavery. Published by David Walker , a Southern born free black.

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11
Q

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass?

A

Vivid autobiography of the escaped slave and renowned abolitionist Frederick Douglass.

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12
Q

Mason-Dixon Line?

A

Originally drawn by surveyors to resolve the boundaries between Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania and Virginia in the 1760s it came to symbolize the North-South divide over slavery.

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13
Q

Gag Resolution?

A

Prohibited debate or action on antislavery appeals. Driven through the House by pro-slavery Southerners, the gag resolution passed every year for eight years, eventually overturned with the help of John Quincy Adams

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14
Q

William T. Johnson?

A

A free black in New Orleans who owned 15 slaves

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15
Q

Nat Turner?

A

A black preacher who lead an uprising in Virginia in 1831.

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16
Q

William Wilberforce?

A

A member of the British parliament who was inspired by the preaching of George Whitefield (Second Great Awakening) and influenced Britian’s decision to unchain slaves in the West Indies.

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17
Q

Theodore Dwight Weld?

A

Wrote a propaganda pamphlet called “American Slavery as It Is” and greatly influenced Harriet Beecher Stowe

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18
Q

William Lloyd Garrison?

A

Abolitionist who created an anti-slavery newspaper called The Liberator

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19
Q

David Walker?

A

Black abolitionist who wrote “Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World” and advocated for an end to white supremacy.

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20
Q

Sojourner Truth?

A

A freed black women in New York who fought tirelessly for black emancipation and women’s right.

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21
Q

Martin Delaney?

A

A black leader who seriously took the notion of the mass recolonization of Africa. Visited Niger Valley looking for a suitable site for relocation

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22
Q

Frederick Douglas?

A

The most prominent of the black abolitionist. Was born a slave in Maryland and escaped to the North. Gifted as an orator, writer, and an editor continued to battle for civil rights.

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23
Q

Popular Sovereignty?

A

Notion that the sovereign people of a territory should decide wether to allow slavery.

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24
Q

Free Soil Party?

A

(1848-1854): Antislavery party in the 1848 and 1852 election that opposed the extension of slavery into territories, arguing that the presence of slavery would limit opportunities for free laborers.

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25
Q

California gold rush?

A

Begin in 1849. Inflow of thousands of miners to Northern California after news reports of the discover of gold at Sutter’s Mill had spread. Onlsaught of migrants prompted Californians to organize a government and apply for statehood in 1849.

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26
Q

Underground Railroad?

A

Informal network of volunteers that helped runaway slaves escape from the South and reach free-soil Canada.

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27
Q

Seventh of March Speech?

A
  1. Daniel Webster’s impassioned address urging the North to support the compromise of 1850. Webster argued that topography and climate would keep slavery from becoming entrenched in Mexican Cession territory and urged Northerners to make all reasonable concessions to prevent disuinion.
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28
Q

Compromise of 1850?

A

Admitted CA as a free state, opened New Mexico and Utah to popular sovereignty, ended the slave trade (but not slavery itself) in Washington D.C., and introduced a more stringent fugitive slave law. Widely opposed by both North and South.

29
Q

Fugitive Slave Law?

A
  1. Passed as part of the Compromise. It set high penalties for those who aided escaped slaves and compelled all law enforcement to participate in retrieving runaways.
30
Q

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty?

A
  1. Signed by Great Britain and the United States, it provided that the two nations would jointly protect the neutrality of Central America and that neither power would seek to fortify or exclusively control andy future Isthmian water way.
31
Q

Ostend Manifesto?

A
  1. Secret Franklin Pierce administration proposal to purchase or that failing to wrestle militarily Cuba from Spain. Once it leaked, it was quickly abandoned due to vehement opposition from the North.
32
Q

Opium War?

A

(1839-1842) War between Britain and China over trading rights particularly Britain’s desire to continue selling Opium to Chinese traders. the resulting trade agreement prompted Americans to seek similar concessions from the Chinese.

33
Q

Treaty of Wanghia?

A
  1. Signed by the U.S. and China, it assured the United States that the same trading concession granted to other powers, greatly expanding America’s trade with China.
34
Q

Treaty of Kanagawa?

A
  1. Ended Japan’s two-hundred year period of economic isolation, establishing an American consulate in Japan and securing American coaling rights in Japanese ports.
35
Q

Gadsden Purchase?

A
  1. Acquired additional land from Mexico for $10 million to facilitate the construction of a southern transcontinental railroad.
36
Q

Kansas-Nebraska Act?

A
  1. Proposed that the issue of slavery be decided by popular sovereinty in the Kansas and Nebraska territories, thus revoking the 1820 Missouri Compromise. Introduced by Stephen Douglass in an effort to bring Nebraska in to the Union and pave the way for a northern transcontinental road.
37
Q

Lewis Cass?

A

Father of popular sovereignty. Pro-slavery resident candidate for the Democrats in 1848.

38
Q

Zachary Taylor?

A

“Hero of Buena Vista” became the 12th U.S. president.

39
Q

Harriet Tubman?

A

Helped rescue more than three hundred slaves including her parents, was called “Moses”

40
Q

Millard Fillmore?

A

Former Vice President who became 13th U.S. president . Sent Perry to create Japanese trade connections

41
Q

Franklin Pierce?

A

Democrat nominee for presidency in 1852. Weak and indecisive, but won because the Whigs were hopelessly split. 14th U.S. President

42
Q

William Walker?

A

A pro-slavery American adventurer who invaded Nicaragua, to make it a slave state, and made himself president. Was hanged by the Nicaraguans soon after.

43
Q

Caleb Crushing?

A

Sent by President Tyler to secure trade with China. Succeeded by charming the Chinese and giving them gifts.

44
Q

Matthew C. Perry?

A

Sent in 1852 by President Fillmore to secure trade with Japan. Succeeded by leaving many gifts and promising to return a year later. In 1854 successfully persuaded the Japanese to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa.

45
Q

Uncle Tom’s Cabin?

A

(1852) Harriet Beecher Stowe’s novel that dramatized the horrors of slavery. It heightened Northern support for abolition and escalated the sectional conflict.

46
Q

The Impending Crisis of the South?

A

Organization crated to facilitate the migration of free laborers to Kansas in order to prevent the establishment of slavery in the territory.

47
Q

New England Emigrant Aid Company?

A

(1854) Organization created to facilitate the migration of free laborers to Kansas in order to prevent the establishment of slavery in the territory.

48
Q

Lecompton Constitution?

A

(1857) Proposed Kansas constitution, whose ratification was unfairly rigged so as to guarantee slavery in the territory. Initially ratified by proslavery forces, it was later voted down when Congress required that the entire constitution be put up for a vote.

49
Q

Bleeding Kansas?

A

(1856-1861) Civil war in Kansas over the issue of slavery in the territory, fought intermittently until 1861, when it merged with the wider national Civil War.

50
Q

Dred Scott v. Sanford?

A

(1857) Supreme Court decision that extended federal protection to slavery by ruling that Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in ant territory. Also declared that slaves, as property, were not citizens of the United States.

51
Q

Panic of 1857?

A

Financial crisis brought on by gold-fueled inflation, over speculation, and excess grain production. Raised calls in the North of higher tariffs and for free homesteads on western public lands.

52
Q

Tariff of 1857?

A

Lowered duties on imports in response to a high Treasury surplus and pressure from Southern farmers.

53
Q

Lincoln-Douglas debates?

A

(1858) Series of debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglass during the U.S. Senate race in Illinois. Douglas won the election but Lincoln gained national prominence and emerged as the leading candidate for the 1860.

54
Q

Freeport Question?

A

(1858) Raised during one of the Lincoln-Douglas debates by Abraham Lincoln, who asked wether the court or the people should decide the future of slavery in the territories.

55
Q

Freeport Doctrine?

A

1858) Declared that since slavery could not exist without laws to protect it , territorial legislatures, not the Supreme Court, would have the final say on the slavery question. First argued by Stephen Douglass in 1858 in response to Abraham Lincoln’s “Freeport Question.”

56
Q

Harpers Ferry?

A

Federal arsenal in Virginia seized by abolitionist John Brown in 1859.. Though Brown was later captured and executed, his raid alarmed Southerners who believed that Northerners shared in Brown’s extemism.

57
Q

Constitutional Union Party?

A

(1860) Formed by moderate Whigs and Know-Nothings in an effort to elect a compromise candidate and avert a sectional crisis.

58
Q

Confederate States of America?

A

(1861-1865) Government established after seven Southern states seceded from the Union. Later joined by four more states from the upper south.

59
Q

Crittenden Amendments?

A

(1860) Proposed in an attempt to appease the South, the faileed Constitutional amendments would have given federal protection for slavery in all territories outside of 36 degree 30’.

60
Q

Harriet Beecher Stowe?

A

Passionate abolitionist who wrote “Uncle Tom’s Cabin.”

61
Q

Henry Ward Beecher?

A

Stowe’s brother who helped raise money for the rifles of the New England Emigrant Aid Company’s people.

62
Q

James Buchanan?

A

15th U.S. president who supported the Lecompton Constitution. In doing so he alienated the Democrats in the north and divided his party.

63
Q

Charles Sumner?

A

An abolitionist who delivered a speech against popular sovereignty and insulted South Carolina and its senator Andrew Butler. Got beat in the senate chamber by Congressman Preston S. Brooks.

64
Q

Preston S. Brooks?

A

South Carolina senator who beat Charles Sumner for insulting South Carolina and it’s senator.

65
Q

Dred Scott?

A

A slave that tried to sue to freedom , but was denied the right to because the court said he was not technically considered a US citizen.

66
Q

Roger B. Taney?

A

Led the decision of Dred Scott v. Sanford.

67
Q

Stephen A. Douglas?

A

Senator of Illinois that went against Lincoln and won. But permanently damaged his run for presidency by saying that the people’s vote about slavery is above the Supreme Court’s

68
Q

Abraham Lincoln?

A

16th U.S. President. Southern states seceded after he won.

69
Q

John Brown?

A

Attempted to start a slave rebellion by raiding Harpers Ferry, Virginia.

70
Q

John C. Breckinridge?

A

A man from Kentucky who was chosen as a presidential candidate by southern Democrats.

71
Q

John Jordan Crittenden?

A

A senator from Kentucky who suggested the Crittended amendment.

APUSH (3 decks)

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