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370 midterm 2 > Ch.15 - Drug Addiction and Brain's Reward System > Flashcards

Ch.15 - Drug Addiction and Brain's Reward System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the politically correct term for addiction?

A

Substance use disorder

Used interchangeably with addiction.

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2
Q

What are the routes of drug administration?

A

Ingestion, injection, inhalation, and absorption through mucous membranes.

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3
Q

What is the most common route of drug administration in a medical setting?

A

Ingestion.

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4
Q

What is a drawback of ingestion as a drug administration route?

A

The onset of action is slow due to the need for digestion.

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5
Q

What is the preferred route of drug administration in medical settings?

A

Injection.

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6
Q

What are the types of injection routes?

A

Subcutaneous (sc), intramuscular (im), and intravenous (iv).

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7
Q

Which injection route is the fastest?

A

Intravenous (iv).

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8
Q

What is a potential danger of intravenous drug use?

A

High overdose potential, especially with street drugs.

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9
Q

What is the mechanism of psychoactive drug action in the CNS?

A

Drugs cross the blood-brain barrier and alter psychological effects.

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10
Q

What are non-specific actions of drugs?

A

Diffuse actions on different cell types, such as anesthetics blocking sodium channels.

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11
Q

What are specific actions of drugs?

A

Actions on specific neurotransmitters, including presynaptic and postsynaptic effects.

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12
Q

What is drug tolerance?

A

A diminishing effect from repeated exposure to the same dose of a drug.

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13
Q

How is drug tolerance measured?

A

By a decrease in response to the same drug and requiring an increased dose for the same effect.

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14
Q

What is metabolic drug tolerance?

A

A decrease in the amount of drug reaching the target due to liver metabolism.

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15
Q

What is functional drug tolerance?

A

A decrease in the action of the drug at the target.

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16
Q

What is contingent drug tolerance?

A

Tolerance that develops only to drug effects that are actually experienced.

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17
Q

What is conditioned drug tolerance?

A

Tolerance expressed in the presence of stimuli that predict drug administration.

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18
Q

What did Siegel’s theory of conditioned drug tolerance propose?

A

Cues predicting drug administration elicit responses opposite to the drug’s effects.

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19
Q

What is conditioned withdrawal?

A

Withdrawal symptoms that occur in environments associated with drug use.

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20
Q

What did Krank and Perkins demonstrate in their study on conditioned withdrawal?

A

Subjects receiving morphine in the test environment showed more withdrawal symptoms.

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21
Q

What is metabolic tolerance

A

drug tolerance that results from changes that reduce the amount of drug getting to its sites of action

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22
Q

what is functional tolerance

A

tolerance that results from changes that reduce the reactivity of the sites of action of the drug

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23
Q

What are withdrawal symptoms

A

always opposite to the effects of the drug (withdrawal of sleeping pills causes insomnia)

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24
Q

define drug addiction

A

individuals who continue to use the drug despite adverse effects and repeated efforts to stop

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25
two phenomena of learning in drug tolerance
contingent and conditioned drug tolerance
26
explain contingent drug tolerance
focuses on what subjects do while under the influence of the drug. tolerance develops only to drug effects that are actually experienced. before and after designs
27
explain before and after study designs in contingent drug tolerance
two groups of subjects receive the same series of drug injections and the same series of repeated tests but the subjects in one group receive the drug before each test and the other group receives it after every test so we can see the degree to which the drug disrupts the performance on the test
28
explain conditioned drug tolerance
focuses on the conditions where the drugs are taken. refers to demonstrations that tolerance effects are maximally expressed only when a drug is administered in the same situation in which it has been previously administered.
29
how does conditioned tolerance explain drug overdose dangers
ppl are more susceptible to overdosing on the drug when they are in new contexts even if it is the same amount (in a new room). tolerance effects are not present in new environment which results in overdose
30
Describe health hazards of nicotine
- tolerance develops, highly addictive and ppl experience withdrawal if they stop - drug craving
31
describe health hazards of alcohol
- invade all parts of the body -produces both tolerance and dependence - withdrawal symptoms delirim tremens (hallucinations, delusions etc.) which is fourth stage of withdrawal - disrupts gaba and glutaminergic transmission, triggers apoptosis (cell death) reduces grey and white matter - bad for liver, can cause scarring: cirrhosis - bad for stomach and GI tract, creates ulcers, - FAS; fetal alcohol syndrome leads top defects in all areas of development like growth and cognitive etc. - transgenerational effects: if father was alcoholic etc. there can be some effects in offspring like characteristics seen in FAS
32
explain the health effects of marijuana
high doses: impairs memory, goal directed behvaiour declines, slurred speech, emotional intensification, sensory distortion, feelings of paranoia - low potential for addiction but some ppl do - tolerance and withdrawl develop
33
first endocannabinoid neurotransmitter to be named
anandamide
34
how is TCH used clinically
- supress naseau and vomiting in cancer patients - block seizures - secrease severity of glaucoma (pressure in eyes) - reduce anxiety and some kinds of pain
35
health hazards of cocaine and other stimulants
- become tolerant to the euphoric effects and need larger doses - amphetamines are the most misused - cognitive impairments, heart abnormalities (rhythmic)
36
what are empathogens
psychoactive drugs that produce feelings of empathy - MDMA (relative of amphetamines) -
37
effects of other stimulants (not cocaine)
- other stimulants like amphetamines and meth have higher risk of developing parkinsons
38
two types of opioids
heroin and morphine
39
how do opioids work
bind to receptors whose normal function is to bind to endogenous opioids, endorphins and enkephalins
40
double edge sword of opioids
- good pain killers and treat cough and diahrrea but are highly addictive
41
most potent form of opioid
morphine
42
what is heroin
semisynthetic form of opioids
43
what are synthetic forms of opioids
fentanyl and oxycodone (more potent and addictive than heroin)
44
opioid withdrawal
compared to serious case of the flu, worst on day 3 better by 7 days
45
primary treatments for heroin addiction
buprenorphine and methadone,
46
prevalence of abuse of the 5 substances in order
most abused: tobacco, alcohol, opioids, marijuanna, cocaine, amphetamines
47
what is the physical dependence theory of addiction
- physical dependence traps ppl into a cycle of drug taking and withdrawal symptoms, driven by the withdrawal symptoms to self administer the drug
48
explain the incentive theory of addiction
attribute addiciton to the craving of the positive effects ( positive incentive of the drug), they dont take it to avoid the negative withdrawl symptoms but instead to obtain the drugs positive effects
49
What is the ICSS paradigm
intracranial self stimulation: ppl will administer bursts of electrical stimulation to specific sites in their brain - sites that mediate this are called pleasure centres
50
what did olds and milner discover about ICSS
- specific brain sites that mediate the seld stimulation are those that also mediate pleasurable effeects of natural rewards like food and water etc.
51
what is the mesotelencephalic dopamine system
- plays an important role in intracranial self stimulation - projects dopaminergic neurons from midbrain (mesencephalon) to telencephalon (prefrontal cortex, limbic cortex etc.) -
52
what are two areas of the midbrain (mesencephalon)
- substantia nigra - ventral tegmental area ( project to areas in telencephalon)
53
sites of the telensecphalon that the mesotelencephalic dopamine system projects to
- prefrontal cortex, limbic system, olfactory tubercle, amygdala, dorsal striatum and nucleus accumbens
54
what is the nigrostriatal pathway
substantia nigra projects to the dorsal striatum
55
explain mesotelencephalic dopamine pathway
- this system has cell bodies in the VTA and substantia nigra - substantia nigra: projects to dorsal striatum (nigrostriatal pathway) - VTA: projects to cortical and limbic sites (mesocorticolimbic pathway) important role in ICSS
56
evidence showing mesocorticolimbic pathway (VTA--> cortical and limbic) plays a role in ICSS
- self stimulation brain sites are part of this pathway - intracranial stimulate associated with dopamine release in this pathway - dopamine agonists increase ICSS, dopamine antagonists decrease it - lesions of this pathway disrupt ICSS
57
two ways to measure rewarding effects of drugs
drug self administration paradigm and conditioned place preference paradigm
58
explain the drug self administration paradigm
nonhuman animals press lever to inject drug, and become addicted
59
explain the conditoned place preference paradigm
animals reviece drugs in one compartment (one room of the box), then during test phase, drug free rat is placed in the box with no dividers and the time spent i nthe drug compartment copared to the other is recorded, (usually prefer the drug compartment bc they are adicted) - benefit is they are being tested drug free so results are not bc of the effects currently felt
60
role of dopamine in the self administration paradigm and conditioned place preference paradigm
- dopamine antagonsits (block effects of dopamine) blocked hte efects of both paradigms, suggest that dopamine plays a role in the anticiaptio of reward for that drug
61
nucleus accumbens and drug addiction
- receive projections from VTA (via mesocorticolimbic pathway) - most linked with reward and pleasure
62
stages of development of drug addiction
1. initial drug taking: certain factors influence who takes drugs (novelty seeking behaviours) 2. habitual drug taking: incentive sensitization theory (states that the positive incentive value, WANT, anticipation of drug, goes up in addiction prone ppl, explains addiction 3. drug craving and relapse: 3 causes of relapse: stress, drug priming (think you're cured then take a small sample and suddenly relapse), exposure to cues
63
explain incentive sensitization theory
- not the hedonic value (liking the drug), but instead it is the anticipated pleasure of the drug (positive incentive) which drives addiction - this theory says that with repeated drug use, the positive incentive goes up in addiction prone ppl
64
true or false: dopamine release in nucleus accumbens is more related to the wanting rather than liking a drug
T
65
dorsal striatum is important for what
habit formation, which explains its role in habitual use becoming addiction
66
why does anhedonia affect drug taking
- losing interest in natural reinforcers (pleasure effects) makes ppl more likely to look for it elsewhere (drugs)
67
what is incubation of drug craving
cues presented soon after drug withdrawal are less likely to cause relapse than cues presented later,
68

370 midterm 2 (6 decks)

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