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physics > ch15 - atomic structure > Flashcards

ch15 - atomic structure Flashcards

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1
Q

pum pudding model of the atom

A

a model thsat pictured the atom as a positive sphere of pudding with small negatively charged plums embedded in it

JJ Thomson

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2
Q

electron charge

A

-1.6 * 10^-19 C

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3
Q

nuclear model of the atom

A

a model that pictures the atom having a very small positively charged nucleus that carries almost all of the mass of the atom surrounded by the much smaller, negatively charged electrons

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4
Q

nucleus

A

the very small, very dense positively charged centre of an atom

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5
Q

a-scattering experiment

A

. a particle source encased in metal with a small arpeture (for fine beam of a particles)
. air in apparatus pumped out to leave a vaccum (a-radiation is easily absorbed by few cm of air)
. choosing a gold foil (can be made into very thin sheet)
. a-particles strike a solid scintillating material (give a flash of like, these are counted)
. detector moved around (to detect a particles at different angles)

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6
Q

radius of proton/nuetron

A

10^-15 m

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7
Q

radius of nucleus

A

10^-15 m to 10^-14 m

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8
Q

radius of atom

A

10^-10 m

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9
Q

radius of molecule

A

10^-10 m to 10^-6 m

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10
Q

mass of proton/neutron

A

1.67 * 10^-27 kg

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11
Q

mass of eletron

A

9.11 * 10^-31 kg

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12
Q

volume of sphere

A

v = 4/3 * pi * r³

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13
Q

density

A

mass/volume

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14
Q

relative mass

A

proton - 1
neutron - 1
electron - 0.005
a particle - 4

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15
Q

relative charge

A

proton => +e
neutron => 0
electron => -e
a particle => +2e

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16
Q

nucleon

A

a general term to describe the particles in a nucleus (protons and neutrons)

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17
Q

nucleon number

A

the total number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an atom

symbol = A

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18
Q

unified atomic mass unit

A

one twelfth of the mass of a carbon 12 atom

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19
Q

nuclide

A

a specific combination of protons and neutrons in a nucleus

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20
Q

isotopes

A

nuclei of the same element with different numbers of neutrons but same number of protons

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21
Q

hydrogen isotopes

A

1,1 H - protium
2,1 H - deuterium
3,1 H - tritium

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22
Q

ion

A

an atom that has lost or gained onefv or more electrons, so that it is electrically charged

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23
Q

strong nuclear force

A

a fundamental force that acts between particles such as protons and neutrons, but does not affect particles like electrons

. acts over small distances
. holds nucleus together

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24
Q

all elements with proton number > 83

A

. are unstable
. undergo radioactive decay

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25
Q

more protons

A

. more electric forces
. more neutrons needed to keep them apart

thus heavy nuclei have neutrons > protons

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26
Q

three types of radiation emitted by radioactive substances

A

. alpha
. beta
. gamma

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27
Q

where do the three main types of radiation come from

A

the unstable nuclei of atoms

28
Q

each radiation’s mass (relative to proton)

A

a = 4
B- = 1/1840
B+ = 1/1840
y = 0

29
Q

each radiation’s charge

A

a = +2e
B- = -e
B+ = +e
y = 0

30
Q

each radiation’s typical speed

A

a = slow (10^6 ms-1)
B- = fast (10^8 ms-1)
B+ = fast (10^8 ms-1)
y = speed of light

31
Q

which types of radiation are particles of matter

A

a and B

32
Q

which types of radiation are photons of electromagnetic radiation

A

y (and x rays)

33
Q

essentially what is an a particle

A

He - 4 nulceus

34
Q

essentially what is an B+ particle

A

electron

35
Q

essentially what is an B- particle

A

positron

36
Q

which radiation particle has highest penetrating power

A

y (then B, then a)

37
Q

a - radiation

A

. slow moving and large
. very stable (He 2+ ions)
. short range
. not penetrative (lose energy rapidly)
. cause ionisation

38
Q

B - radiation

A

. fast electrons
. very small
. charge carrier
. less ionisation
. penetrate further into matter
. occurs when imbalance of p and neutrons (neutron -> p [IF EXCESS decay into neutron, emits positron] + e [expelled])

39
Q

positron

A

the antiparticle of the electron, has the same mass as the electron but has a charge +e

40
Q

beta plus decay

A

the emission of a positron as a proton decays into a neutron

41
Q

beta minus decay

A

the emission of an electron as a neutron decays into a proton

42
Q

antimatter

A

material made up of antiparticles of the corresponding particles of ordinary matter

43
Q

first example of antimatter to be identified

A

positron

44
Q

antiparticle + particle =

A

2 gamma ray photons

which becomes pure energy

45
Q

example of particle and antiparticle

A

positron and electron

46
Q

gamma radiation

A

. speed in vacuum =3*10^8
. high frequency
. small ionisation
. highly penetrative
. emitted following a/B decay

47
Q

what is one electronvolt

A

1 eV is the energy transferred when an electron travels through a potential difference of on volt

48
Q

what is the value of 1eV

A

1.6 * 10^-19J

49
Q

electron antineutrino

A

an antiparticle that is given off with B- decay with virtually no rest mass and no charge, symbol = ¯v (nu bar)

50
Q

electron neutrino

A

a particle that is given off with B+ decay with virtually no rest mass and no charge, symbol = v (nu)

51
Q

electron neutrino and antineutrino was hypothesised by

A

Wolfgang Pauli

52
Q

in radioactive decay is mass conserved

A

NO, it is lost and turned to kinetic energy

53
Q

are p, n, e the fundamental particles

A

NO, there are many other particles that have been discovered by:

. looking at cosmic rays
. looking at the product particles of high energy collisions in particle accelerators

54
Q

which 2 families are subatomic particles divided into

A

. leptons
. hadrons

55
Q

leptons

A

subatomic particles that are not affected by the strong nuclear force and are believed to be fundamental

56
Q

lepton examples

A

. electrons
. neutrinos

57
Q

hadrons

A

subatomic particles made up of quarks that are affected by the strong nuclear force

58
Q

hadron examples

A

. protons
. neutrons

59
Q

quarks

A

fundamental particles that made up hadrons

60
Q

properties of quarks

A

. have charges less than fundamental charge
. never found outside hadron
. 6 types (with properties)

61
Q

types of hadrons

A

. baryons
. mesons

62
Q

baryon

A

. hadrons made up of 3 quarks
. eg. proton (uud), neutron (udd)

63
Q

mesons

A

. hadron made up of quarks and antiquarks
. eg pi+ (u¯d)

64
Q

decay of down quark into up quark in B- decay

A

d –> u + e- + ¯v

65
Q

what feels strong nuclear force

A

hadrons

66
Q

what feels weak nuclear force

A

hadrons and leptons

67
Q

what causes B- decay

A

hadron –> different hadron + lepton + antilepton

physics (15 decks)

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