CH13.1-13.9(EXAM3)

Question 1

The Brain is Composed of 4 Major Regions:

Answer 1

Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Brainstem, and Cerebellum.

Question 2

The Cerebrum is Divided into Two Halves, Called The:

Answer 2

left and right cerebral hemispheres; Each hemisphere may be further subdivided into five functional areas called lobes.

Question 3

Our skull volume limits the size of:

Answer 3

the brain, so the outer brain tissue of the cerebrum is folded on itself so that more neurons can fit within the cranium.

Question 4

These folds of brain tissue are called

Answer 4

Gyri.

Question 5

Gyri

Answer 5

Elevated fold of cerebral cortex.

Question 6

The shallow depressions between those folds are called

Answer 6

sulci

Question 7

Sulci

Answer 7

Groove or furrow; e.g., on the surface of the brain.

Question 8

the deeper grooves are named

Answer 8

fissures

Question 9

Fissures

Answer 9

Deep furrow, cleft, or slit

Question 10

The cerebellum is

Answer 10

inferior to the cerebrum

Question 11

The brainstem has three regions:

Answer 11

the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

Question 12

The diencephalon is organized into the

Answer 12

epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus

Question 13

Twelve pairs of cranial nerves extend from

Answer 13

the brain

Question 14

What two directional terms are often used to describe relative positions of brain anatomy ?

Answer 14

Anterior is synonymous with rostral (meaning “toward the nose”), and posterior is synonymous with caudal (meaning “toward the tail”)

Question 15

The formation of nervous tissue begins in the

Answer 15

embryo during the third week of development with a thickening of a portion of the ectoderm

Question 16

This portion of the ectoderm specifically overlies the

Answer 16

notochord, which is a tightly packed group of mesoderm cells positioned on the developing embryo midline

Question 17

The thickened ectoderm is called the

Answer 17

neural plate

Question 18

The neural plate is induced by the

Answer 18

underlying notochord to form a neural tube, which begins the process called neurulation

Question 19

Neurulation

Answer 19

Formation of the neural plate and its closure to form the neural tube.

Question 20

Neurulation ultimately forms all

Answer 20

nervous tissue structures

Question 21

The initial process of neurulation is

Answer 21

1.) The neural plate develops a central longitudinal indentation called the Neural Groove. As this is occurring, cells along the lateral margins of the neural plate proliferate, becoming the thickened neural folds. The tips of the neural folds form neural crest cells (or simply, the neural crest).

Question 22

The initial process of neurulation is (STEP2)

Answer 22

2.) The neural folds elevate and approach one another as the neural groove continues to deepen. The neural crest cells are now at the very highest point of the neural groove.

Question 23

The initial process of neurulation is (STEP3)

Answer 23

3.)The neural crest cells begin to pinch off from the neural folds and form other structures

Question 24

The initial process of neurulation is(STEP4)

Answer 24

4.)By the end of the third week, the neural folds have met and fused at the midline as the neural groove starts to form a neural tube, which has an internal space called the neural canal. The neural tube initially fuses at its midline, and later the portions of the neural folds slightly superior and inferior to this midline fuse as well. Thus, the neural tube forms as the neural folds “zip” together both superiorly and inferiorly.

Question 25

For a short time, the neural tube is open at

Answer 25

both its ends. These openings, called neuropores, close during the end of the fourth week.

Question 26

The opening closest to the future head is the

Answer 26

cranial neuropore

Question 27

the opening closest to the future buttocks region is the

Answer 27

caudal neuropore

Question 28

If these openings do not close, the developing human will have a

Answer 28

neural tube defect

Question 29

The developing neural tube forms the

Answer 29

central nervous system

Question 30

the cranial part of the neural tube expands to form

Answer 30

the brain

Question 31

the caudal part of the neural tube expands to form the

Answer 31

spinal cord

Question 32

The brain develops from the

Answer 32

cranial part of the neural tube in the human embryo. The neural tube undergoes disproportionate growth rates in different regions.

Question 33

This growth has formed

Answer 33

three primary brain vesicles by the late fourth week of development, which eventually give rise to all the different regions of the adult brain

Question 34

The names of two of these vesicles describe their relative positions in the developing head:

Answer 34

The forebrain is called the prosencephalon, the midbrain is called the mesencephalon, the hindbrain is called the rhombencephalon.

Question 35

By the fifth week of development, the three primary vesicles further develop into a total of

Answer 35

five secondary brain vesicles

Question 36

The telencephalon arises from the

Answer 36

prosencephalon and eventually forms the cerebrum.

Question 37

The diencephalon also derives from the

Answer 37

prosencephalon, and it eventually forms the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.

Question 38

The mesencephalon is the only

Answer 38

primary vesicle that does not form a new secondary vesicle. It becomes the midbrain.

Question 39

The metencephalon arises from the

Answer 39

rhombencephalon and eventually forms the pons and cerebellum.

Question 40

The myelencephalon also derives from the

Answer 40

rhombencephalon, and it eventually forms the medulla oblongata.