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BIO 245-805 Anatomy&Physiology > Anatomy (CH 5.1a) Exam 2 Deck > Flashcards

Anatomy (CH 5.1a) Exam 2 Deck Flashcards

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1
Q

Epithelium (Epithelial Tissue)

A

composed of one or more layers of closely packed cells, and it contains little to no extracellular matrix between these cells.

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2
Q

Epithelial tissue covers the…

A

body surfaces, lines the body cavities and organ cavities, and forms glands.

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3
Q

Cellularity

A

epithelial tissue is composed of entirely tightly packed cells. There is a minimal amount of extracellular matrix between the cells.

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4
Q

Polarity

A

An epithelium has an apical surface, which is exposed either to the external environment or to some internal body space. The apical surface may have either microvilli or cilia

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5
Q

Apical Surface

A

a free or superficial surface related to the tip or extremity of a conical (cone-shaped) or pyramidal structure; opposite of basal.

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6
Q

Basal Surface

A

a fixed or deep surface where the epithelium is attached to a basement membrane with underlying CT.

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7
Q

Basement Membrane

A

selective molecular layer that attaches epithelial tissue to underlying CT

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8
Q

The epithelial layer is bound at its…

A

basal surface to a thin basement membrane; may be seen as a single molecular layer w/light microscopy but actually consists of 3 molecular layers that can be viewed w/ an electron microscope.

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9
Q

The 3 molecular layers of the basement membrane are formed by…

A

secretions of both the epithelium and the underlying CT, and are composed of collagen, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans

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10
Q

These molecular structures of the basement membrane components act like…

A

“glue” to strengthen the attachment and form a selective molecular barrier between the epithelium and the underlying CT.

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11
Q

Avascularity

A

all epithelial tissues lack blood vessels.

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12
Q

Nutrients for epithelial cells are obtained either…

A

directly across the apical surface or by diffusion across the basal surface from blood vessels within the underlying CT.

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13
Q

Extensive Innervation

A

epithelia are richly innervated (supplied with nerves) to detect changes in the environment at that body or organ region.

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14
Q

High Regeneration Capacity

A

epithelial cells undergo cell division frequently. This allows tissue to regenerate itself at a high rate, a necessary condition for a tissue that is often exposed to the environment and lost by abrasion and damage. the continual replacement occurs through cell division of the deepest epithelial cells (called stem cells), which are adjacent to the basement membrane.

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15
Q

Physical Protection

A

epithelial tissues protect both external and internal surfaces from dehydration, abrasion, and destruction by physical, chemical, or biological agents.

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16
Q

Selective Permeability

A

Ability of a cell to regulate what can cross a membrane.

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17
Q

An epithelium typically exhibits a range of permeability; it may be…

A

relatively non-permeable to some substances, while promoting and assisting the passage of other ions and molecules.

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18
Q

All substances that enter or leave the body must pass through

A

An epithelium. Thus, epithelial tissues act as the body’s “gatekeepers”

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19
Q

Secretions

A

Some epithelial cells are specialized to produce and release secretions. These cells form glands.

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20
Q

Glands may be individual cells scattered among…

A

other cell types in an epithelium (goblet cells) or arranged in small, organized clusters within a multicellular gland.

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21
Q

Sensations

A

conscious perception of a stimulus.

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22
Q

Epithelial tissues are innervated by…

A

sensory nerve endings to detect or respond to a stimulus. These nerve endings - and those in the underlying CT - continuously relay sensory input to the CNS concerning touch, pressure, temp, and pain.

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23
Q

The classification of each epithelial type is indicated by what two-part names?

A

First part of the name refers to the number of epithelial cell layers. Second part describes shape of cells at apical surface of epithelium.

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24
Q

Epithelia is classified as either…

A

simple or stratified

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25
Q

Simple Epithelium

A

Is one layer of epithelial cells, and all of the epithelial cells are in direct contact with the basement membrane.

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26
Q

A simple epithelium is found in areas where…

A

stress is minimal and filtration, absorption, or secretion is the primary function.

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27
Q

Stratified Epithelium

A

Contains two layers of epithelial cells. Only the cells in the deepest (basal) layer are in direct contact with the basement membrane.

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28
Q

Stratified epithelium tissue provides…

A

either more structural support or better protection for underlying tissue and cells in basal layer continuously regenerate as the cells in the apical layer are lost due to abrasion or stress.

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29
Q

Pseudostratified Epithelium

A

appears layered (stratified) because the cells’ nuclei are distributed at different levels between the apical and basal surfaces.

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30
Q

We classified pseudostratified epithelium as a type of…

A

simple epithelium because all of the cells are attached to the basement membrane.

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31
Q

Squamous Cells

A

flat, wide, and somewhat irregular in shape (think egg yolk).

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32
Q

Cuboidal Cells

A

are about as tall as they are wide; do not resemble perfect cubes because their edges are somewhat rounded; cell nucleus is spherical and located within center of the cell.

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33
Q

Columnar Cells

A

slender and taller than they are wide; cell nucleus is oval and usually oriented lengthwise and in basal region of cell.

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34
Q

Transitional Cells

A

can change their shape from polyhedral to more flattened, depending on degree to which epithelium is stretched.

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35
Q

Shape change occurs in transitional cells when…

A

epithelium cycles between distended and relaxed states, such as lining of the bladder, which fills with urine and is later emptied.

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36
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

consists of one single layer of flattened cells.

37
Q

Simple squamous epithelium is extremely delicate and represents…

A

the thinnest possible barrier to allow rapid movement of molecules and ions across the epithelium by membrane transport processes.

38
Q

Simple squamous epithelium forms the…

A

lining of the air sacs (alveoli) of the lung, where this thin epithelium is well suited for the exchange of O & CO2 between the blood and the inhaled air.

39
Q

What names are used to refer to the simple squamous epithelium in certain locations within the body?

A

Endothelium and Mesothelium

40
Q

Endothelium

A

The simple squamous epithelium that lines the lumen of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and heart chambers and valves.

41
Q

Mesothelium

A

the simple squamous epithelium that forms the serous membranes of body cavities.

42
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Contains one layer of uniformly shaped cells are about as tall as they are wide with a centrally located, spherical nucleus.

43
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium allows for both…

A

absorption and secretion.

44
Q

(Simple Cuboidal Epithelium) The cells’ uniformity in shape makes them ideal to form…

A

structural components of glands. example: forms follicles (spherical structures) of the thyroid gland and covers each ovary.

45
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

composed of one single layer of cells that are taller than they are wide; nucleus is oval, oriented lengthwise, and located in the basal region of the cell.

46
Q

Simple columnar epithelium is ideal for both…

A

absorptive and secretory functions

47
Q

Simple columnar epithelium has two forms:

A

one type have no cilia, whereas the apical surface of the other type is covered with cilia.

48
Q

Nonciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

often contains microvilli and scattering of unicellular glands called goblet cells.

49
Q

Microvilli

A

microscopic extensions of the plasma membrane supported by microfilaments that increase the surface area for secretion or absorption. (bright fuzzy structure known as brush border)

50
Q

Goblet Cells

A

Unicellular glands that secrete mucin.

51
Q

Mucin

A

a glycoprotein that when hydrated ( mixed with water) forms mucus.

52
Q

Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium lines most of the…

A

G.I. (digestive) tract from the stomach to the upper portion of the anal canal.

53
Q

Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

has cilia that project from the apical surfaces of the cells. Mucus covers the apical surface and is moved along by the beating of the cilia.

54
Q

Goblet cells are typically interspersed throughout…

A

ciliated simple columnar epithelium

55
Q

Ciliated simple columnar epithelium lines the…

A

Larger bronchioles (air passageways) in the lung. Also lines the uterine tubes, where it helps move and oocyte (egg) from the ovary to the uterus.

56
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A

appears to consist of multiple layers of cells; not really stratified because all of its cells are not indirect contact with basement membrane, but nuclei are scattered at different distances from basal surface; not all of the cells reach apical surface; Its columnar cells always reach the apical surface, and the shorter basal cells are stem cells that give rise to columnar cells.

57
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium consists of two forms:

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (contains Cilia) & pseudostratified nonciliated columnar epithelium (lacks Cilia); both perform protective functions

58
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

A

contains cilia; houses goblet cells that secrete mucin that traps foreign particles and is moved by beating cilia; lines larger air passageways of the respiratory system.

59
Q

Pseudostratified nonciliated columnar epithelium

A

lacks cilia and goblet cells; rare and found primarily in membranous part of the male urethra and epididymis.

60
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

has multiple layers, and only the deepest layer of cells is in direct contact with the basement membrane.

61
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium is adapted to..

A

protect underlying tissues from damage caused by abrasion and friction.

62
Q

Two forms of stratified squamous epithelium:

A

keratinized and nonkeratinized

63
Q

Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

the superficial layers are composed of cells that are dead. these cells lack nuclei and all organelles, and instead are filled with the protein keratin, which is a tough, protective protein that strengthens the tissue.

64
Q

The cells in nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

including those at the tissue’s apical surface, lack keratin and remain alive; Tissue kept moist w/secretions (saliva or mucus); Forms the surface tissue of mucous membranes that line the oral cavity (mouth), part of the pharynx (throat), part of the larynx (voice box), the esophagus, vagina, and anus.

65
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Contains two or more layers of cells, and the superficial cells tend to be cuboidal in shape.

66
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium forms and functions…

A

Forms tubes and wall of the ducts of most exocrine glands ( sweat glands in skin and periphery ovarian follicles), and it functions in protection and secretion.

67
Q

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

A

rare in the body; consists of two or more layers of cells, but only the cells at the apical surface are columnar in shape.

68
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium provides what and is found where?

A

protection and secretion; found in large ducts of salivary glands, conjunctiva covering the eye, and a segment of male urethra.

69
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

limited to urinary tract; varies in appearance depending upon whether it is in a relaxed stated or distended (stretched) state.

70
Q

Glands

A

are either individual cells or multicellular organs composed predominantly of epithelial tissue; secrete substances either for use elsewhere in the body or for elimination from the body.

71
Q

Glandular secretions may include..

A

mucin, ions, hormones, enzymes, or urea (a nitrogenous wasted produced by the body).

72
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

lack ducts and secrete their products called hormones, into the blood to be transported throughout the body.

73
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

originate from invagination of epithelium that burrows into the underlying CT; maintain their connection w/epithelial surface by means of a duct, an epithelium-lined tube through which gland secretions are discharged onto epithelial surface.

74
Q

Unicellular exocrine glands do not contain….and are located….most common type….

A

contain a duct; and are located close to the surface of the epithelium in which they reside; most common type is the Goblet Cell, which is found in both simple columnar epithelium and pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

75
Q

Multicellular Exocrine Glands contain…

A

Contain numerous cells that work together to produce a secretion.

76
Q

Multicellular exocrine glands typically are surrounded by…

A

a fibrous capsule, and extensions of the capsule called septa partition the glands into lobes.

77
Q

Multicellular exocrine glands consists of…

A

Often consists of acini, which are clusters of cells that produce the secretion, and one or more smaller ducts, which merge to form a larger duct that transports secretion to epithelial surface.

78
Q

Simple Glands have…

A

a single, unbranched duct.

79
Q

Compound Glands have…

A

branched ducts

80
Q

Glands may be classified according to…

A

the shape of their secretory portions.

81
Q

The gland is called Tubular if the…

A

Secretory portion and duct have same diameter.

82
Q

If the secretory portion forms an expanded sac, the gland is called..

A

Acinar

83
Q

A gland with both tubules and acini is called a…

A

tubuloacinar gland

84
Q

3 basic types of exocrine glands

A

merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine glands

85
Q

Merocrine Glands

A

package their secretions into secretory vesicles and release the secretions by exocytosis.

86
Q

Apocrine Glands

A

produce their secretory material when the cell’s apical portion pinches off, releasing cytoplasmic content.

87
Q

Holocrine Glands

A

are formed from cells that accumulate a product; the entire cell the disintegrates. Thus, a holocrine secretion is a viscous mixture of both cell fragments and the products the cell produced prior to its disintegration.

88
Q

Connective Tissue

A

the most diverse, abundant, and widely distributed of the tissues.

89
Q

Connective tissue functions to…

A

support, protect, and bind organs.

BIO 245-805 Anatomy&Physiology (3 decks)

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