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fMRI Data and Statistics > Ch13 - Combining fMRI with other techniques > Flashcards

Ch13 - Combining fMRI with other techniques Flashcards

1
Q

converging operations

A

employing 2+ techniques to provide complementary evidence used to test an experimental hypothesis or scientific theory

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2
Q

constructs

A

abstract concept that explains behavior but that itself is not directly observable
- e.g. psychological constract

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3
Q

isomorphic

A

having an identical form
- a physiological measurement that is isomorphic with psychological construct would vary over time consistently with postulated changes in the construct

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4
Q

localization of function

A

idea that brain may have distinct regions that support particular mental process

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5
Q

functional connectivity

A

pattern of functional relationships among regions, inferred from common changes in activation over time
- may reflect direct or indirect links between these regions

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6
Q

direct cortical stimulation

A

applying small currents directly to brain tissue to excite or disrupt neural activity
- usually contucted in humans to localize critical brain regions in context of neurosurgery

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7
Q

transcranial direct current stimulation

A

(tDCS)
inexpensive and safe neuroscience technique using weak electrical current that passes through brain
- changers excitability of neurons and alters brain function

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8
Q

equipotentiality

A

concept that a function is so widely distributed within brain that activity depends on whole brain
- antithesis of localization of function

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9
Q

anode

A

source of positive charge or ions and attractor of free electrons

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10
Q

cathode

A

attractor for positive charge/ions and source of free electrons

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11
Q

homotopic

A

cortex in one cerebral hemisphere corresponds to same region in other hemisphere

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12
Q

single-pulse TMS

A

delivery of single TMS stimulation pulse to disrupt some ongoing brain process

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13
Q

repetitive TMS

A

delivery of extended series of closely spaced TMS stimulation pulses to effect long-lasting changes in brain function
- may lead to indirect changes in brain physiology by increased excitability/inhibition of area
- applied for e.g. chronic neurological and psychiatric conditions

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14
Q

single dissociation

A

demonstration that an experimental manipulation has an effect on one variable but not a second

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15
Q

double dissociation

A

demonstration that 2 experimental manipulations have different effects on 2 dependent variables. Manipulation A affects X but not Y, Manipulation B affects Y but not X

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16
Q

registry

A

patient database

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17
Q

plasticity

A

change in normal functional properties of brain tissue following injury or experience

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18
Q

recovery of function

A

improvement in previously impaired ability over time due to functional/structural changes within brain

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19
Q

polymorphism

A

common variation in a gene or segmant of DNA

20
Q

imaging genomics

A

field that investigates effect of genetic variation on brain structure and function

21
Q

action potential

A

wave of depolarization that travels down neuronal axon

22
Q

electrogenesis

A

generation of electrical electrophysiological phenomena by living organism

23
Q

single-unit recording

A

collection of data about electrophysiological activity of single neuron

24
Q

field potentials

A

changes in electrical potential over space associated with postsynaptic neuronal activity

25
Q

recepive field

A

part of visual field that, when stimulated, will result in an increase in firing of particular neuron

26
Q

simple cell

A

neuron in visual cortex that responds with increased firing to stimulus with preferred orientation in its receptive field
decreased firing when stimulus in surroundings of receptive field
- central rectangular region

27
Q

complex cell

A

neuron in visual cortex with larger receptive field than simple cell that responds to stimulus with preferred orientation anywhere withing receptive field

28
Q

ion

A

atom or molecule that carries electrical charge

29
Q

pump

A

transport system that moves ions across cell membrane against concentration gradient

30
Q

current sink

A

attractor of positive ions
- depolarized patch of neuronal membrane is a current sink because positively charge ions will flow towards it

31
Q

current source

A

source of positive ions

32
Q

primary current

A

current flow within neuron caused by inflow of ions through ionic channels opened by synaptic activity

33
Q

volume conducter

A

continuously conductive medium
- brain, meninges, skull, scalp constitute of a volume conductor throughout which currents created by ionic flow can be measured

34
Q

volume current

A

return current through extracellular medium that balances the primary current within neuron

35
Q

current dipole

A

idealized pairing of current source and current sink separated by infinitesimal distance
- used as a simple convenient model for electromagnetic fields produced by activated neuron

36
Q

apical dendrites

A

dendrites that are distant from the neuronal cell body
- e.g: pyramidal cells - dendrites extend all the way to the cortex

37
Q

equivalent dipole

A

simplified model that represents the electromagnetic field produced by population of neurons as though it were produced by single dipole

38
Q

polysynaptic potential

A

(PSP)
Any postsynaptic potential that results from synaptic activity

39
Q

excitiatory postsynaptic potential

A

(EPSP)
depolarization of postsynaptic cell membrane

40
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

A

(IPSP)
hyperpolarization of postsynaptic cell membrane

41
Q

electric dipole

A

a point in space whose electrical propertied can be approximated by assuming that it consists of physically separated positive and negative charges

42
Q

inverse problem

A

mathematical impossibility of determining the distribution of electrical sources within an object based on the measurement of electric/magnetic fields at the surface of the object

43
Q

evoked potential

A

field potential that occurs in response to sensory stimulus

44
Q

event-related potentials

A

(ERPs)
small electrical changes in the brain that are associated with sensory or cognitive events

45
Q

ERP component

A

stereotypic feature of an ERP waveform, such as a peak at a particular latency, that has presumed functional significance

46
Q

forward solution

A

direct calculation of the electric and magnetic fields that would occur at an array of sensors based on a given distribution of dipoles with known orientations and magnitudes

47
Q

evoked magnetic fields

A

(EMFs)
change in the MEG signal that occurs in response to a particular stimulus
- equivalent of evoked or event-related potential in EEG

fMRI Data and Statistics (11 decks)

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