Ch.13, Adolescence Physical Flashcards
Kinship family
families n which the full tyime care of a child is done by members of the community, relatives, or other adults
Short term consequences of divorce in children
grief over the loss, reduced standard of living due to financial difficulties, adjusting to difficult transitions, lower education and economic status, improved relationship with their c ustodial parent, greater emotional independence in sons, anxiety about their own romantic relationships, if parent is adjusting well, the child likely will as well
Three stages of childhood friendship
- reward-cost: what they get out of it, similar interests
- normative expectation: friend is someone who is kind and shares
- empathy and understanding
Five stages of friendship from early childhood to adulthood, Selman
- based on momentary physical interaction
- one way assistance: som eone who does things for you
- fairweather cooperation: friend is someone who returns a favor
- intimate and mutual sharing
- autonomous interdependence
9 types of peer relationships
popular children
rejected children
controversial children: several people like them some don’t
neglected: not mentioned in any category
average: few positive votes with few negative
popular prosocial: cooperative, do well; in school
Popular antisocial: gain popularity by acting tough or “bad boy” b behaviors
rejected withdrawn: taregts of bullies
rejected aggressive: aggressive, loud, and confrontational
Where in the brain activates aggression?
amygdala and pfc
testosterone is associated with aggression in males and females
Bullying and those who tend to engage in bullying
unwanted aggressive behjavior among school aged children involving a real or perceived power imbalance
bullies tend to have very inflated self esteem and well connected peer relationships
Social/relational bullying
involves spreading rumors, embarassing someone
When does adolescence begin
12
Average puberty start time for girls
10-11 girls
11-12 for boys
age of onset has decreased now due to better diet, and environmental factors
Adolescent growth spurt
rapid increase in an individual’s height and weight from the release of growth hormones, thyroid hormones and androgens
Brain changes in adolescence
myelinatiuon of development of synaptogenesis continues
brain’;s language areas undergo myelination during the first 13 years
greater myelin = diminished plasticity as myelin inhibits the growth of new connections
synpatic pruning during adolescence
causes gray matter to become thinner but more efficient
Limbic system and hormonal changes
linked to emotion/reward: linked to hormonal changes occurring at puberty
brain’;s sensitivity to dopamine here peaks, making them engage in more risk taking behavior
oxytocin makes bonding and social connections more rewarding
mental illness diagnostiuc statistics in adolescence
50% of mental illness occurs by the age of 14, and 75% occurs by age 24
First phase of puberty
begins when the pituitary glands stimulate sex hormones: testosterone in boys, progesterone in girls
increases height from 20-25%
triggers development of primary sex characteristics