Ch.12 Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Question 0

Which vitamins are water soluble?

Answer 0

B complex and C

Question 1

Which vitamins are fat soluble

Answer 1

A,D,E,and K

Question 2

Where are fat soluble vitamins absorbed?

Answer 2

The small intestine, along with dietary fat, and carried by chylomicrons into the lymph circulation

Question 3

What aids in fat soluble vitamin absorption?

Answer 3

Bile produced in the liver and stored in gallbladder.

Question 4

Which is the only vitamin made in body?

Answer 4

Vitamin k is made by bacteria in the ileum of the small intestine and in the large intestine. (Small amounts)

Question 5

Forms of vitamin A

Answer 5

Retinoids, carotenoids

Question 6

What is the active form of vitamin A?

Answer 6

Preformed vitamin A(retinoids)

Question 7

What are the dietary sources of retinoids?

Answer 7

Liver, fish oils, fortified dairy products and eggs.

Question 8

What are the “provitamins of vitamin A?

Answer 8

Carotenoids (can be converted to vitamin A)

Question 9

What are the different names of carotenoids?

Answer 9

Alpha and beta-carotene and beta cryptoxanthin

Question 10

Dietary sources of carotenoids?

Answer 10

Dark green and yellow orange vegetables and fruits

Question 11

Which conversion is irreversible ?

Answer 11

Retinal -> retinoic acid. (Retinyl esters -> retinol ->retinal Reversible)

Question 12

RDA for men and women Vitamin A

Answer 12

Men 900 micrograms RAE
Women 700 micrograms RAE

Intake meets DRI

Question 13

Transport after liver (vit. A)

Answer 13

Retinoids are bound to retinol binding protein

Carotenoids are carried by VLDL
90% stored in liver for months

Question 14

Function of Retinoids

Answer 14

• Growth and development (retinoic acid imp. To epithelial cells)
• cell differentiation(stem cells into specialized cells)
• vision (retinal-pool depleted = night blindness. Rhodopsin)
• immune function (maintenance of epithelium)

Question 15

Carotenoids functions

Answer 15

Decrease risk of some diseases, antioxidant functions
-cancers
-CV disease
-eye disease (macular degeneration and cataracts
Do not supplement

Question 16

Deficiencies in vitamin A

Answer 16

• night blindness
• Xerophthalmia (irreversible blindness)
• follicular hyperkeratosis

Question 17

Toxicities of vitamin A

Answer 17

Hypervitaminosis A
UL: 3000 micrograms/ d retinol
Acute,chronic and teratogenic toxicity

Question 18

Where can you find vitamin D2

Answer 18

Fatty fish, cod liver oil, fortified dairy products and fortified breakfast cereals .

Question 19

Where do you find vitamin D3 (active and inactive)

Answer 19

Sunlight changes 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholecalciferol
Travels to liver 25-OH vitamin D3 (inactive form) and then into kidneys, where converted to bioactive form.
*requirement: sunlight 2-3 x /week 10-15 min

Question 20

RDA and DV for vitamin D

Answer 20

Under age 70: 600 IU
Over 70: 800 IU
Breastfed infants: 400 IU/d

DV: 10 micrograms (400 IU)

Question 21

How is vitamin D absorbed?

Answer 21

-Via micelles and transported via chylomicrons in lymph system.
-bound to protein in the blood when enters body through food or skin
-

Question 22

Where is vitamin D stored?

Answer 22

Adipose tissue.

Question 23

Functions of vitamin D

Answer 23

• Calcium and Phosphorus Homeostasis (aids in increasing absorption of Ca and P. Aids in release of Ca and P from bone; if blood levels are low
• Bone health
• immune function
• chronic diseases

Question 24

What is the active form of vitamin D?

Answer 24

Calcitrol

Question 25

Deficiencies of vitamin D

Answer 25

Children: rickets Adults: osteomalacia

Question 26

Toxicities of Vitamin D

Answer 26

Occur with supplementation cause hypercalcemia | UL: 4000 UI (Valium deposits in soft tissue)

Question 27

How many compounds are there in vitamin E and what were they

Answer 27

4 tocopherols: alpha most active; gamma for potentially beneficial 4 tocotrienols

Question 28

Dietary sources of vitamin E

Answer 28

Plant oils (canola), wheat germ, avocado, almonds, peanuts and sunflower seeds

Question 29

RDA and DV of vitamin E

Answer 29

15 mg of alpha-tocopherol (based on hemolysis prevention) Adults consume 2-3 RDA DV: 30 IU (20 mg)

Question 30

Vitamin E absorption and transport

Answer 30

- depends on fat intake - passively via micelles into chylomicrons - chylomicron remnants transport to liver - repackaged and transported via lipoprotein (no specific transport protein)

Question 31

Where is vitamin E stored?

Answer 31

Adipose tissue

Question 32

Vitamin E excretion

Answer 32

Bile, urine and skin

Question 33

Vitamin D excretion

Answer 33

Bile urine, and small amount in urine.

Question 34

Vitamin A excretion

Answer 34

Small amounts in urine | -carotenoids via bile

Question 35

Absorption of vitamin A

Answer 35

Packaged with chylomicrons and transported via the lymph system

Question 36

Which vitamin acts as an antioxidant?

Answer 36

Vitamin E. Stops lipid peroxidation caused by free radicals-peroxyl radical. Works with vitamin C

Question 37

What are other antioxidant compounds from vitamin E?

Answer 37

``` Glutathione peroxidase -eliminates hydrogen and lipid peroxides . -selenium Superoxide dismutase -eliminate super oxide radicals -copper, Zinc and Mg ```

Question 38

Deficiency vitamin E

Answer 38

Hemolytic anemia-rare in humans Pre-term infants and smokers are most susceptible Immune function impairment and neurological changes

Question 39

Toxicity vitamin E

Answer 39

Interfere with vitamin K and cause hemorrhaging | UL 1000 mg alpha tocopherol from natural sources (1100 IU from synthetic )

Question 40

Forms of vitamin K

Answer 40

Menaquinones: synthesized by bacteria in colon (10%) (from fish oils and meats) Phylloquinones: most biologically active (from plants: green leafy vegetables, broccoli, peas, and green beans

Question 41

AI women and men vitamin K. DV

Answer 41

Men: 120 micrograms daily Women: 90 "" DV: 80 micrograms

Question 42

Absorption and transportation of vitamin k

Answer 42

- Absorbed in small intestine-passive diffusion, via chylomicrons in lymph - Transported via lipoproteins, VLDL for storage or HDL and LDL for transport to cells

Question 43

Where is vitamin K stored?

Answer 43

Liver

Question 44

Excretion of Vitamin K

Answer 44

Primarily bile; sm amount urine

Question 45

Function of vitamin K

Answer 45

Synthesis of blood clotting factors, preprothrombin to protrhombin -bone metabolism

Question 46

Deficiency vitamin K

Answer 46

Rare. | Newborns; long term antibiotic use; fat malabsorption

Question 47

Toxicity vitamin K

Answer 47

No UL