Ch 5 Carbs Flashcards
What produces carbs?
Plants via photosynthesis
What are carbs composed of?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
What are simple carbohydrates?
Mono and disaccharides
What are complex (polysaccharides) carbs?
Starch, glycogen, and fiber
What are some examples of monosaccharides?
Glucose, fructose, galactose, sugar alcohol, and pentose
Give and example of glucose
Blood sugar
Give an example of fructose
High fructose corn syrup
Give an example of galactose
Part of lactose
Name three examples of sugar alcohols
Xylitol, mannitol, and sorbitol.
Name 2 pentoses
Ribose and deoxyribose
What is a disaccharide?
Two monosaccharides linked by a condensation reaction. (Alpha or beta C-O-C bonds connect them.)
What two monosaccharides make up maltose and what type of bond is it?
Glucose and glucose; alpha bond
What two monosaccharides make up sucrose and what type of bond is it?
Glucose and fructose; alpha bond.
What two monosaccharides make up lactose and what type of bond is it?
Galactose and glucose; beta bond
Name 3 disaccharides
Lactose, sucrose, and maltose.
What are complex carbs?
Ogliosaccharides, and polysaccharides
What is an ogliosaccharide?
- Made up of raffinose, and stachyose.
- it is indigestible;bacterial fermentation(gas)
- contains 3-10 sugar units
What is a polysaccharide?
- contains many glucose molecules
- alpha or beta bond determine digestibility.
Name 2 digestible polysaccharides
Starch(plants) and glycogen (animals)
Name 2 types of starch
Amylose: straight chained
Amylopectin: branched
What is the storage form of glucose in the human body?
Glycogen
What is liver glycogen used for? How many grams?
It’s converted to blood sugar; 90g
What is muscle glycogen used for? How many grams?
Glucose for muscle use; 300g
Name 3 indigestible fibers
Total fiber, soluble fibers, and insoluble fibers.
How do you calculate total fiber ?
Dietary + Functional fiber
What are soluble fibers made up of?
Pectin, gum, mucilages, and some hemicelluloses
What make up insoluble fibers?
Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin
What are some nutritive sweeteners?
- Mono and disaccharides
- high fructose corn syrup
- sugar alcohols
What is the RDA for carbs?
130 g
What is the purpose of carbs?
Fuels most of the body’s cells
- preferred source for brain, nerve cells, and developing red blood cells.
What is the adequate intake of fiber?
14g/1000kcal
25g for women <50; 30g after 51
Name 3 functions if digestible carbs
- Provide energy: 4kcal/g
- Spare protein: body does not utilize glyconeogenesis.
- prevent ketosis: incomplete breakdown of fatty acids
Name 4 functions of incomplete carbs
-promote bowl health: constipation and hemorrhoids. Diverticulosis/itis
-reduce obesity
Enhancing blood glucose control: soluble fibers
-reducing cholesterol absorption: soluble fibers
How do we digest carbs by the mouth?
Salivary amylase begins digestion.
How are carbs digested in the small intestine?
Enzymes break down disaccharides: -maltase; maltose -sucrase; sucrose -lactase; lactose Fibers not broken down
What monosaccharides are found in active absorption?
Glucose and galactose
What monosaccharide is associated with facilitated absorption?
Fructose
What organ converts fructose and galactose into glucose?
Liver
What form of glucose is used by cells?
Blood glucose
Where is excess glucose stored? And what organ converts?
In adipose tissue; converted to fat by liver
What role does the pancreas play in digestion of carbs?
Pancreatic amylase and dextrinase are secreted are secreted into small intestine to break polysaccharides from starch to disaccharides.
