Ch.12 Flashcards
What are the 3 sets of customs and procedures every society must develop?
- Making and enforcing decisions
- Resolving disputes
- regulating the behavior of its members
- to maintain social order
What is the oldest societal form?
Bands
What is the size of a band?
small groups of 30-50 people
What is a bands subsistence?
Nomadic food collectors
Bands view on property?
little to no individual property ownership
-value in sharing
Egalitarian
Independent unit
What is a bands political structure?
decisions are embedded in the wider social structure
informal leaders
-one can persuade or give advise, but has no power
What is our cultural example of a band?
Chippewa/Ojibwa
What is a Tribes subsistence strategy?
Horticuluralists and Patoralists
What is a tribes political organization?
egalitarian
local leaders but no centralized leadership
How do Tribes differ from bands?
Tribes have pan-tribal mechanism
What is meant by pan-tribal mechanism?
- The ability to integrate local segments into a larger whole
- occurs when there is an external threat
- not permanent
What changes about tribes based on there subsistence?
Produce more food
larger more dense populations
more sedentary
What is our cultural example of a tribe?
Yanomami
What is the population size of Chiefdoms?
large and dense 1,000-2,000 people per village
villages are connected to one another with total populations 10,000-100,000
What is a Chiefdoms subsistence strategy?
Intensive horticulture and agriculture
Fisheries
Developed tool technology
Irrigation
What changes about a Chiefdom because of subsistence?
Increase food supply with excess
sedentary
Increased job specialization
What is a Chiefdoms political organization?
power lies with one individual
-alone or with an advisory council
local communities that are not equal
-based on relatedness to a chief
What is a Chiefs power?
power to distribute land Chan recruit -military service -laborers for public work projects makes sure no one goes without
Where does a Chiefs power come from?
power is reinforced by alleged supernatural powers
-commoners can pledge support
What is our cultural example of a Chiefdom?
Hawaiian Chiefdoms
What are the characteristics of a State level society?
Formal and complex
Governs many communities over a broad geographic area
Large urban centers
high population density:10,000 to millions
monumental architecture
written laws
market economy
What is the subsistence strategy of a state level society, and its effect?
intensified agriculture
food surpluses are not distributed equally
-stratified society
Why do states need writing, record keeping, and a system of weights and measures?
they have the power to collect taxes which requires these tools.
What powers do state level societies have?
Collect taxes
recruit labor for armies and civilian public work projects
have the monopoly to use force
-police and military
How does a state maintain authority?
ideology
What is membership of a state based on?
residence/citizenship not kinship
Benefits that helped initiate the rise of states?
protection from outside forces
effective means of conflict resolution
increased food production
What is the agriculture hypothesis?
V. Gordon Childe (1936)
intensified agriculture created food surplus
freed up a segment of the population from the food production
new occupations
creates a need for wider populations
What is the Hydraulic/Irrigation hypothesis?
Karl Wittfogel (1957) Small scale irrigation farmers surrender their autonomy Merge communities need for rulers -labor -military
What is the Warfare hypothesis?
Caneiro (1970)
- state formation is involuntary
- wars occurred in areas with limited agricultural land for expanding populations
- those that lost the war became members of the state
What must all forms of political organization address in a society?
Social control
What are social norms?
-normal proper or expected ways of behaving
-keep society running smoothly
-certain level of deviance occurs
~some are taken more seriously than others
-All social norms are sanctioned
What are negative sanctions?
punishment for violating social norms
What are positive sanctions?
A reward for behaving in socially acceptable ways
What are some informal means of social control?
- socialization
- public opinion
- ancestor worship
What are some formal means of social control?
- song duels(inuit)
- moot, informal court (many african cultures)
- courts and codified laws(states)
Genocide
The physical extermination of one people by another, either as a deliberate act or as the accidental outcome of activities carried out by one people with little regard for their impact.
cultural control
control through beliefs and values deeply internalized in the minds of individuals
Age-Grade, age-set, and common interest groups are used by which form of political organization?
Tribes
Nation
A people who share a collective identity based on a common culture, language, territorial base, and history.
What is a ‘tonowi’ and which culture is he found in?
the Big man from west Papua, New Guinea
Kapauku
In which type of subsistence strategies does warfare become prominent?
agriculture
What is the satyagraha movement?
based on sanskrit words satya “truth”, implying love, and agraha “firmness” Gahndi applied this term to the pursuit of truth required weaning one’s opponent from the error of injustice. Gandhi mobilized many mass protests against colonial injustices applying satyagraha as a “weapon of the strong” that “admits no violence under any circumstances”
