Ch.12

Question 1

What are the 3 sets of customs and procedures every society must develop?

Answer 1

1. Making and enforcing decisions
2. Resolving disputes
3. regulating the behavior of its members
   - to maintain social order

Question 2

What is the oldest societal form?

Answer 2

Bands

Question 3

What is the size of a band?

Answer 3

small groups of 30-50 people

Question 4

What is a bands subsistence?

Answer 4

Nomadic food collectors

Question 5

Bands view on property?

Answer 5

little to no individual property ownership
-value in sharing
Egalitarian
Independent unit

Question 6

What is a bands political structure?

Answer 6

decisions are embedded in the wider social structure
informal leaders
-one can persuade or give advise, but has no power

Question 7

What is our cultural example of a band?

Answer 7

Chippewa/Ojibwa

Question 8

What is a Tribes subsistence strategy?

Answer 8

Horticuluralists and Patoralists

Question 9

What is a tribes political organization?

Answer 9

egalitarian

local leaders but no centralized leadership

Question 10

How do Tribes differ from bands?

Answer 10

Tribes have pan-tribal mechanism

Question 11

What is meant by pan-tribal mechanism?

Answer 11

• The ability to integrate local segments into a larger whole
• occurs when there is an external threat
• not permanent

Question 12

What changes about tribes based on there subsistence?

Answer 12

Produce more food
larger more dense populations
more sedentary

Question 13

What is our cultural example of a tribe?

Answer 13

Yanomami

Question 14

What is the population size of Chiefdoms?

Answer 14

large and dense 1,000-2,000 people per village

villages are connected to one another with total populations 10,000-100,000

Question 15

What is a Chiefdoms subsistence strategy?

Answer 15

Intensive horticulture and agriculture
Fisheries
Developed tool technology
Irrigation

Question 16

What changes about a Chiefdom because of subsistence?

Answer 16

Increase food supply with excess
sedentary
Increased job specialization

Question 17

What is a Chiefdoms political organization?

Answer 17

power lies with one individual
-alone or with an advisory council
local communities that are not equal
-based on relatedness to a chief

Question 18

What is a Chiefs power?

Answer 18

power to distribute land
Chan recruit
-military service
-laborers for public work projects
makes sure no one goes without

Question 19

Where does a Chiefs power come from?

Answer 19

power is reinforced by alleged supernatural powers

-commoners can pledge support

Question 20

What is our cultural example of a Chiefdom?

Answer 20

Hawaiian Chiefdoms

Question 21

What are the characteristics of a State level society?

Answer 21

Formal and complex
Governs many communities over a broad geographic area
Large urban centers
high population density:10,000 to millions
monumental architecture
written laws
market economy

Question 22

What is the subsistence strategy of a state level society, and its effect?

Answer 22

intensified agriculture
food surpluses are not distributed equally
-stratified society

Question 23

Why do states need writing, record keeping, and a system of weights and measures?

Answer 23

they have the power to collect taxes which requires these tools.

Question 24

What powers do state level societies have?

Answer 24

Collect taxes
recruit labor for armies and civilian public work projects
have the monopoly to use force
-police and military

Question 25

How does a state maintain authority?

Answer 25

ideology

Question 26

What is membership of a state based on?

Answer 26

residence/citizenship not kinship

Question 27

Benefits that helped initiate the rise of states?

Answer 27

protection from outside forces
effective means of conflict resolution
increased food production

Question 28

What is the agriculture hypothesis?

Answer 28

V. Gordon Childe (1936)
intensified agriculture created food surplus
freed up a segment of the population from the food production
new occupations
creates a need for wider populations

Question 29

What is the Hydraulic/Irrigation hypothesis?

Answer 29

Karl Wittfogel (1957)
Small scale irrigation farmers surrender their autonomy
Merge communities
need for rulers
-labor
-military

Question 30

What is the Warfare hypothesis?

Answer 30

Caneiro (1970)

• state formation is involuntary
• wars occurred in areas with limited agricultural land for expanding populations
• those that lost the war became members of the state

Question 31

What must all forms of political organization address in a society?

Answer 31

Social control

Question 32

What are social norms?

Answer 32

-normal proper or expected ways of behaving
-keep society running smoothly
-certain level of deviance occurs
~some are taken more seriously than others
-All social norms are sanctioned

Question 33

What are negative sanctions?

Answer 33

punishment for violating social norms

Question 34

What are positive sanctions?

Answer 34

A reward for behaving in socially acceptable ways

Question 35

What are some informal means of social control?

Answer 35

• socialization
• public opinion
• ancestor worship

Question 36

What are some formal means of social control?

Answer 36

• song duels(inuit)
• moot, informal court (many african cultures)
• courts and codified laws(states)

Question 37

Genocide

Answer 37

The physical extermination of one people by another, either as a deliberate act or as the accidental outcome of activities carried out by one people with little regard for their impact.

Question 38

cultural control

Answer 38

control through beliefs and values deeply internalized in the minds of individuals

Question 39

Age-Grade, age-set, and common interest groups are used by which form of political organization?

Answer 39

Tribes

Question 40

Nation

Answer 40

A people who share a collective identity based on a common culture, language, territorial base, and history.

Question 41

What is a ‘tonowi’ and which culture is he found in?

Answer 41

the Big man from west Papua, New Guinea

Kapauku

Question 42

In which type of subsistence strategies does warfare become prominent?

Answer 42

agriculture

Question 43

What is the satyagraha movement?

Answer 43

based on sanskrit words satya “truth”, implying love, and agraha “firmness” Gahndi applied this term to the pursuit of truth required weaning one’s opponent from the error of injustice. Gandhi mobilized many mass protests against colonial injustices applying satyagraha as a “weapon of the strong” that “admits no violence under any circumstances”