Bio 201A Flashcards
What are the characteristics of living organisms?
Order Reproduction Growth and Development Energy processing Response to environment Regulation Evolutionary adaptation
Define: emergent properties
properties that emerge as a result of arrangement and interaction of components
Schleiden and Schwann 1839
Cell Theory
- all organisms are made up of cells
- all existing cells are made up of previously existing cells (Pastuer)
lipid bilayer
plasma membrane that surrounds all cells
Define: organelles
small structures within a cell that perform a specific function
protoplasm
all of the living material in cells
cytoplasm
contents of the cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
cytosol
the semi-fluid portion of the cytoplasm
prokaryotic
relatively simple and small do not contain a nucleus, most do not contain other membrane bounded organelles (can still have DNA, not in a nucleus)
eukaryotic
contain nucleus, contain other membrane bounded organelles *humans
reductionism
reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study
systems biology
construct models for the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems
two kingdoms that are outdated
Monera, Protista
three Domain scheme
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Three (and a half) kingdoms
Fungi,
Plantae
Animalia
Protists (artificial group)
taxonomy
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Taxonomy of Humans
Eukarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Homo (underlined) Homo sapiens (underlined)
Inductive reasoning
from specific to general
Deductive reasoning
from general to specific
Discovery Science
describes nature through observation and analysis of data
Correlative Study
A Correlative is a procedure used to test a hypothesis through additional observations. Without manipulating an independent variable, it exploits preexisting variation.
Causative Study
A Controlled Experiment is a procedure used to test a hypothesis using an Experimental group and one or more control Groups. Scientists manipulate an independent variable and measure the effect on a dependent variable.
Theory
a concept that is well supported by evidence and is widely accepted by the scientific community. It is broader than a hypothesis and is supported by much more evidence.
feedback mechanism
feedback mechanisms regulate biological systems
negative feedback
output or product of a process slows that process
positive feedback
output or product of a process speeds up that process
hydrophobic
do not dissolve in water
hydrocarbons
do not dissolve in water
hydrophilic
do dissolve/interact with water
meth-
1
eth-
2
prop-
3
but-
4
pent-
5
hex-
6