Bio 201A Flashcards
What are the characteristics of living organisms?
Order Reproduction Growth and Development Energy processing Response to environment Regulation Evolutionary adaptation
Define: emergent properties
properties that emerge as a result of arrangement and interaction of components
Schleiden and Schwann 1839
Cell Theory
- all organisms are made up of cells
- all existing cells are made up of previously existing cells (Pastuer)
lipid bilayer
plasma membrane that surrounds all cells
Define: organelles
small structures within a cell that perform a specific function
protoplasm
all of the living material in cells
cytoplasm
contents of the cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
cytosol
the semi-fluid portion of the cytoplasm
prokaryotic
relatively simple and small do not contain a nucleus, most do not contain other membrane bounded organelles (can still have DNA, not in a nucleus)
eukaryotic
contain nucleus, contain other membrane bounded organelles *humans
reductionism
reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study
systems biology
construct models for the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems
two kingdoms that are outdated
Monera, Protista
three Domain scheme
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Three (and a half) kingdoms
Fungi,
Plantae
Animalia
Protists (artificial group)
taxonomy
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Taxonomy of Humans
Eukarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Homo (underlined) Homo sapiens (underlined)
Inductive reasoning
from specific to general
Deductive reasoning
from general to specific
Discovery Science
describes nature through observation and analysis of data
Correlative Study
A Correlative is a procedure used to test a hypothesis through additional observations. Without manipulating an independent variable, it exploits preexisting variation.
Causative Study
A Controlled Experiment is a procedure used to test a hypothesis using an Experimental group and one or more control Groups. Scientists manipulate an independent variable and measure the effect on a dependent variable.
Theory
a concept that is well supported by evidence and is widely accepted by the scientific community. It is broader than a hypothesis and is supported by much more evidence.
feedback mechanism
feedback mechanisms regulate biological systems
negative feedback
output or product of a process slows that process
positive feedback
output or product of a process speeds up that process
hydrophobic
do not dissolve in water
hydrocarbons
do not dissolve in water
hydrophilic
do dissolve/interact with water
meth-
1
eth-
2
prop-
3
but-
4
pent-
5
hex-
6
hept-
7
oct-
8
non-
9
dec-
10
-ane
single bonds
-ene
double bonds
-yne
tripple bonds
organic functional groups
groups of atoms that help determine the identity, solubility, and reactivity of larger molecules
hydroxyl
persent in alcohols
polar, soluble, and reactive
(-OH)
carbonyl
present in sugars carbon double bonded to oxygen polar, soluble, reactive aldehyde and ketone groups (--C=O)
aldehyde
oxygen at the end of a chain
-CHO
ketone
oxygen in the middle of chain
carboxyl
characteristic of organic acids
loses hydrogen ion in solution
highly polar soluble, reactive
(-COOH)
amino
present in amines
slightly basic
polar, soluble, reactive
(NH2)
phosphate
in, organic compounds weak acid often carriers of energy polar, soluble, reactive (-OPO3 2-)
Sulfhydryl
thiols are compounds with sulfhydryl groups
stabilize the structure of proteins
reactive, hydrophobic
(-SH)
methyl
not really a functional group but is sometimes included with the functional groups hydrocarbon group often used to tag molecules nonpolar, nomsoluble, not very reactive (-CH3)
large organic molecules that include carbon
carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins
-lipids are included although they are not polymers and some are not very large
monomer
single subunit that makes up a polymer
polymer
large molecule made of many identical or similar repeating monomers
dehydration reaction
formation of a covalent bond between two subunits with the loss of water
another name for a dehydration reaction
condensation
What is the process of a dehydration reaction?
- one water molecule is lost for each bond formed
- loss of -H from one subunit and -OH from another
- requires energy and help of enzymes
hydrolysis is
breaking of a covalent bond between subunits by the addition of water
What is the process of hydrolysis?
- one water molecule is added for each bond that is broken
- H added to one subunit and -OH to the other
- enzymes speed up hydrolysis
- some of the energy stored can be transferred
what are carbohydrates?
sugars and polymers of sugars
-used for food and for structure
What do carbohydrates contain?
- carbonyl functional group
- aldoses (aldahyde functional group)
- ketoses (ketone functional group)
- often -CH2o groups recurs
How do carbohydrates differ?
- # of carbons
- functional groups present
- spatial arrangement of groups around an asymmetrical carbon
monosaccharides
- simple sugars
- food calories
- carbon skeletons are raw material for synthesis of other organic compounds
- usually 3 to 7 carbons (CH2O)x
Aldehyde monosaccharide
glucose -C6H12O6 a product of plant photosynthesis (not the primary product)
Ketone monosaccharide
fructose-C6H12O6 structural isomer of glucose in honey and corn
ribose
monosaccharide
- 5 carbon sugar
- part of RNA
deoxyribose
monosaccharide
- 5 carbon sugar
- part of DNA
disaccharides
-two simple sugars bound by a dehydration reaction
glycosidic linkage
-covalent bond between two monosaccharides by dehydration
maltose
-glucose+glucose
sucrose
glucose + fructose
lactose
glucose + galactose
polysaccharides
- large carbohydrates made of many simple sugars bonded together by dehydration reactions
- often function for food storage or structural support
starch
- many glucose units bonded together
- helical
- may be branched alpha-glucose units
- mostly 1-4 linkages of alpha-glucose
- we can break bonds apart with enzymes and use as food
cellulose
- many glucose units bonded together
- not branched
- 1 to 4 beta-glucose units
- (-OH) on carbon is above the plane of the ring
- held together by hydrogen bonds into micro fibrils
- structural support in plants, major component of wood
What carbohydrate cannot be broken down by most animals, but can by some bacteria and some fungi?
Cellulose
glycogen
- many glucose units bonded together
- more branched than a starch
alpha-glucose
- linked stored in liver and muscles
- can be broken apart and used for food
chitin
- polymer of an amino sugar similar to beta-glucose but with an amino group attached
- component of insect exoskeletons
- in cell walls of many fungi
- cannot be broken down by humans
What do lipids do?
- -function in energy storage
- insulation of the body
- shock absorber to cushion organs
- some are hormones
- cell membranes
What are lipids not?
- polar
- soluble
- polymers
fatty acids
- long hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group
- usually 16 to 18 carbons
saturated fats
- no double bonds
- maximum # of hydrogen
- solid at room temperature
- in bacon, butter, animal fats
- too much is bad for you
unsaturated fat
- one or more double bonds (cis double bond kink)
- do not have maximum number of hydrogen
- liquid at room temperature
- in vegetable oil, corn oil
- some are essential (linolenic, alpha-linolenic)
hydrogenation
- forcing of hydrogen on to unsaturated fatty acids
- causes formation of trans-fatty acid molecule with trans double bonds
- may be as bad or worse than saturated fats
fats
- glycerol + 3 fatty acids by condensation reaction
- ester lenkages
example of fats
triglyceride-> triglycerol
phospholipids
- glycerol plus two fatty acids
- plus an ionic phosphate containing group component of membranes
- fatty acids are hydrophobic
- ionic phosphate containing group is hydrophobic
