CH11 - endocrine glands Flashcards
What is the pituitary gland attached to and what is attaching it?
The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum
What is the name of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
adenohypophysis
What is the name of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
neurohypophysis
What are neurohypophysis and adenohypophysis?
Posterior and anterior lobes of the pituitary gland, respectively
What does leptin do?
Tells you to stop eating and helps you maintain your weight
What is ANP and what does it do?
Atrial natriuretic peptide
When blood pressure goes up the ANP will tell you to urinate the blood out, so blood pressure goes down
What does the kidney produce and what does that hormone do?
Erythropoietin produces more red blood cells/erythrocytes
What are the parts of the anterior pituitary gland?
pars distalis and pars tuberalis
What is the part of the posterior pituitary gland?
pars nervosa
What are the 3 pars and which goes to which lobe?
Pars Distalis (anterior)
Pars tuberalis (anterior)
Pars nervosa (posterior)
What is TSH and what secretes it?
Thyroid stimulating hormone secreted by the Anterior pituitary gland
What is GH and where is it located?
Growth hormone and anterior pituitary gland
What is prolactin?
Mammary gland that produces milk
What is FSH/LH
Follicle stimulating hormone/lut… hormone found in the anterior pituitary gland
What is ADH and where is it found?
Anti diuretic (urination) hormone and Posterior pituitary gland
What is oxytocin and where is it found?
Oxytocin creates uterine contractions and is found in the posterior pituitary gland
What 2 hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?
Oxytocin
ADH
What are the trophic hormones? (secreted by the anterior lobe)
Growth hormone (GH or somatotropin)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH or thrytropin)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH or corticotropin)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH or folliculotropin)
Gonadotropin
What trophic hormone is growth hormone?
Somatotropin
What trophic hormone is TSH
Thyrtropin
What trophic hormone is ACTH
Corticotropin
What trophic hormone is FSH
folliculotropin
What does growth hormone effect?
Bone
Muscle
Adipose tissue
What does thyroid stimulating hormone effect?
Thyroid gland
What does adrenocorticotropic hormone effect?
Adrenal cortex
What does follicle-stimulating hormone effect?
Ovary
What does luteinizing hormone effect?
Testes
what does prolactin effect?
Mammary gland/Lactation
What 5 hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?
Growth hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
Gonads [Follicle-stimulating hormone/Lutenizing hormone]
Prolactin
What trophic hormone contains FSH and LH?
Gonadotropins
How is oxytocin stimulated?
Suckling
How is ADH released?
Thirst
What are ADH and oxytocin produced by? (not secreted by)
The supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus
How is the anterior pituitary gland controlled (copy paste from slides)?
The anterior pituitary is controlled via releasing and inhibiting hormones transported through the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system, a venous capillary system from the hypothalamus
In the hypothalamus, what 2 hormones create growth hormones in the anterior pituitary gland?
Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH - grow)
Somatostatin (stop growing)
What does somatostatin do?
(GHIH) it inhibits growth
In the hypothalamus, what hormone creates thyroid stimulating hormone in the anterior pituitary gland?
Thyroid releasing hormone
In the hypothalamus, what hormone creates adrenocorticotrophic hormone in the anterior pituitary gland?
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
In the hypothalamus, what hormone creates FSH and LH in the anterior pituitary gland?
Gonadotropin releasing hormones
In the hypothalamus, what 2 hormones create prolactin in the anterior pituitary gland?
Dopamine
Prolactin-inhibiting hormone
What hormones are negative feedback inhibition in the pituitary hormones?
ACTH, TSH, FSH and LH.
what is the relationship between the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and the target tissue called?
The axis
Where does inhibition occur to stop the releasing of hormones?
The hypothalamus level
Where does inhibition occur to stop the response to hypothalamus hormones?
The pituitary gland
What does CRH (hypothalamus) and/or ACTH (pituitary gland) stimulate in the adrenal gland? (organ)
Cortex
What does the sympathetic autonomic nervous system stimulate in the adrenal gland? (organ)
Medulla
What are the 2 parts of the adrenal gland?
Cortex
Medulla
What 3 hormones are created in the cortex?
Aldosterone
Cortisol
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
What 2 hormones are created in the medulla?
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
What does aldosterone do?
Mineral levels
Where are adrenal glands found?
On top of the kidneys
What is the general name for what hormones the adrenal cortex secretes?
Cholesterol
What does water always follow?
Sodium ions
What does cortisol do?
Stimulates protein degradation
Stimulates glucogenesis and inhibits glucose utilization to raise blood sugar levels
Stimulates lipids
What does epinephrine/norepinephrine do?
Fight or flight responses
Increase cardiac output
Increase respiratory rate
Increase mental alertness
dilate coronary blood vessels
elevate metabolic rates
What are the 3 stress hormones?
glucocorticoids, epinephrine, and CRH
What does Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) do?
they are weak sex hormones
Increased levels of stress lead to?
illness
When stressed, what is secreted?
ACTH
When you have chronic stress, what does cortisol do to you?
It may stimulate depression and anxiety and memory problems.
When you have chronic stress, what happens to your insulin receptors?
insulin receptors may become resistant, making it harder to treat people with diabetes.
What are the 2 hormones in the thyroid gland?
Thyroid hormone (thyroxine)
Calcitonin
What is the hormone in the parathyroid gland?
Parathyroid hormone
What Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland hormones create thyroid hormone?
TRH and TSH
What does thyroid hormone do?
Basal metabolic rate
Where is the thyroid located?
Just below the larynx
What is the microscopic thyroid gland structures? (copy pasted from slides)
Consists of hollow spaces called thyroid follicles lined with simple cuboidal epithelium composed of follicular cells that produce thyroxine
What element do you need to make thyroxine?
Iodine (I-)
What is the interior follicle fluid called in the thyroid?
Colloid
What do parafollicular cells secrete?
Calcitonin
What does one iodine create in the thyroid gland?
Monoiodotyrosine (MIT) (T3)
what do 2 iodine create on the thyroid gland?
Diiodotyrosine (DIT) (T4)
What does iodine attach to in the thyroid gland?
The iodine is attached to tyrosine within the thyroglobulin molecule.
What do thyroid hormones do in action?
a. Stimulates protein synthesis
b. Promotes maturation of the nervous system
c. Increases rates of cellular respiration
d. Elevates basal metabolic rate
What is calcitonin made of?
Made by the parafollicular cells or C cells
What does calcitonin do?
~ Inhibits activity of osteoclasts
~ dissolution of calcium from bone
~ stimulates excretion of calcium in the kidneys to lower blood calcium levels
What does iodine deficiency lead to?
~ Overstimulation of the thyroid gland (no negative feedback on pituitary gland) and growth of a goiter.
~It also leads to hypothyroidism
What is hypothyroidism?
Low metabolic rates
weight gain
lethargy
poor adaptation to cold stress
myxedema (accumulation of fluids in subcutaneous connective tissues and around the eyes).
What causes cretinism and what does it do?
Cretinism results from hypothyroidism during pregnancy to about 6 months after birth
Causes severe intellectual disability
What does calcitonin effect the levels of?
Iron levels
What causes a goiter?
Iodine deficiency
What causes Grave’s disease/what is it?
HypERthyroidism
Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder in which autoantibodies bind to the receptors for TSH on thyroid gland follicular cells.
What does hyperthyroidism do?
~ sensitivity to heat
~ palpitations
~ Many people with Graves’ disease also have Graves’ opthalmopathy, where anatomical changes in the orbit of the eyes produce bulging of the eyes, or exophthalmos.
How much more likely are men to get Graves’ disease than women?
Trick question: 5 to 10 times more common in women than inmen.
DIT + DIT = ?
= T4 (tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine)
DIT + MIT = ?
=T3 (triiodothyronine)
What is basal metabolic rate?
Base metabolism regardless of activity or diet
With the help of calcitonin, what builds bones?
Osteoblasts
What INHIBITS osteoclasts?
Calcitonin
What does calcitonin inhibit?
Osteoclast
How do you increase calcium levels in your blood?
Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Hormone promotes a rise in blood calcium by acting on bones, kidneys, and intestine
OR
Reabsorption in the kidneys
What do parathyroid glands secrete?
Parathyroid hormones
What does the thyroid gland secrete?
Thyroxin
Calcitonin
What does the pancreas secrete?
Alpha cells: glucagon
Beta cells: insulin
(Delta cells: somatostatin)
What is insulin?
a. Primary hormone regulating plasma glucose concentration.
b. Insulin is secreted by beta cells when blood glucose levels rise after a sugary or carbohydrate meal.
c. Its purpose is to lower blood glucose levels to the “normal” range.
What does insulin do? (copy pasted from slides).
1) Insulin binds to receptors on target cells.
a) Intracellular vesicles with GLUT4 carrier proteins bind to the plasma membrane.
b) Glucose diffuses through GLUT4 channels by facilitated diffusion
c) Occurs in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and the liver.
2) Indirectly stimulates the enzyme glycogen synthase in liver and skeletal muscles to promote sugar storage.
3) Stimulates adipose tissue to store fat
What is glucagon?
a. Antagonistic to insulin
b. Secreted by alpha cells when blood glucose levels are low
c. Purpose is to raise blood glucose levels to a “normal” range
What does glucagon do?
Stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver to hydrolyze glycogen into glucose and release it into the blood
Along with glucocorticoid hormones, stimulates gluconeogenesis, conversion of noncarbohydrates into glucose
Stimulates lipolysis in adipose tissue so free fatty acids are released and used as a fuel source instead of glucose
Stimulates ketogenesis in the liver to supply ketone bodies as an energy source
What causes type 1 diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes is caused by destruction of the beta cells and the resulting lack of insulin secretion.
What causes type 2 diabetes?
Type 2 diabetes is caused largely by insulin resistance, or decreased tissue sensitivity to the effects of insulin (most common form).
What 2 things are the characteristics of diabetes?
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by fasting hyperglycemia and the presence of glucose in the urine.
What does the pineal gland secrete?
Melatonin
What happens to out pineal glands as we age?
It shrinks :)
Where is the pineal gland located?
Located on roof of third ventricle in the brain; highly innervated with sympathetic nerves from the superior cervical ganglion
What is melatonin made OF?
amino acid tryptophan
What does the pineal gland do?
a. Stimulates melatonin production when it gets dark
b. Part of the regulation of circadian rhythms
c. Requires melanopsin found in the ganglion cells of the retina
d. Secretion related to puberty, jet lag, and seasonal affective disorder
What regulates the pineal gland?
regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus through sympathetic neurons
What is hypoglycemia?
Losing too much blood sugar and you pass out
what are the 4 ‘sis of glucagon?
Glycogenolysis
Glucogenesis
Lipolysis
Ketogenesis
What is the relationship between glucagon and insulin?
Antagonistic
Which pancreatic hormone does a alpha cell create?
Glucagon
Which pancreatic hormone does a beta cell create?
Insulin
What happens to glycogenesis, cellular uptake of glucose, and gluconeogenesis when you have low blood sugar?
It goes up, down, and up
What is GLUT4?
Glucose transporter type 4
It’s what gluclose bonds to
What type of diabetes has insulin resistance?
Type 2
What type of diabetes has a lack of insulin secretion?
Type 1
What is the regulation in the pineal gland called?
Circadian rhythm
What are paracrine signals?
The sender and receiver are different cell types/tissues.
What are autocrine signals?
The sender and receiver are the same cell type.
What is the difference of cells between autocrine and paracrine signals?
Autocrine: same cell
Paracrine: close but different
What is the job of autocrine/paracrine signals?
Both are involved in short-range signaling between neighboring cells within an organ.
FIX:
Prostaglandins
Made from arachidonic acid released from phospholipids in the plasma membrane using the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX); part of the eiconsanoid family
Released from almost every cell, with a wide range of function
Example of Prostaglandin Action
Immune system: promote inflammation, pain, and fever
FIX:
Inhibiting prostaglandins
Inhibitors of Prostaglandin Synthesis
a. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs):
NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX).
Side effects include gastric bleeding, kidney problems, and less clotting
Aspirin is the most common; also indomethacin, and ibuprofen
What shape are endocrine ducts?
Trick question: ductless
What do endocrine glands do (general)
Secrete hormones into blood
Where are neurohormones secreted from?
Neurohormones are secreted by specialized cells of the hypothalamus
What do hormones do?
Hormones help regulate body metabolism, growth, and reproduction
Where are hormones carried?
Hormones are carried to target cells having receptor proteins for those specific hormones.
What is the pituitary gland connected to?
The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum
What are the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland called?
anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and a posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)
What is the adenohypophysis (anterior) and what are its parts?
Glandular epithelium (from the embryonic mouth)
Two parts – pars distalis and pars tuberalis
What is the neurohypophysis (posterior)?
Nervous tissue and also called the pars nervosa
