CH 13 - blood, heart, and circulation Flashcards
What are the 3 MAIN parts of the cardiovascular system?
a. Heart: four-chambered pump to the pulmonary and systemic circulations
b. Blood vessels: arteries (away from the heart), arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins (toward the heart)
c. Blood: cells and plasma
What are the 2 parts of the lymphatic system?
a. Lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissues, lymphatic organs (spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes)
b. Lymph: fluid of the lymphatic system that originated from the blood and returns to the blood
What are the 2 major components of the circulatory system?
Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system
what are the 2 types of blood? (not like a, b, or o)
Arterial blood
Venous blood
What does arterial blood mean?
leaving the heart; bright red, oxygenated except for blood going to the lungs
What does venous blood mean?
entering the heart; dark red, deoxygenated except for blood coming from the lungs
What is blood made of?
Made of 45% formed elements and 55% plasma (by volume – hematocrit)
What are some characteristics of blood plasma?
Straw-colored fluid part of blood
a. Water
b. Dissolved solutes
Major solute by concentration is Na+
Many other ions and organic molecules such as metabolites, hormones, enzymes, antibodies, and other proteins
What is albumin?
creates osmotic pressure to help draw water from tissues into capillaries to maintain blood volume and pressure
What are alpha and beta globulins?
Alpha and beta globulins – transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins
What is fibrinogen
helps in clotting after becoming fibrin
What are the 3 plasma proteins?
Albumin
Globulins
Fibrinogen
What is plasma without fibrinogen?
Serum
What are gamma globulins?
Gamma globulins – antibodies that function in immunity
What are RBC characteristics?
a. Flattened, biconcave discs
b. Carry oxygen
c. Lack nuclei and mitochondria
d. Count – approximately 5 million/mm3 blood
e. Have a 120-day life span; removed by phagocytic cells in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow
f. Each contain about 280 million hemoglobin molecules
g. Heme iron is recycled from the liver and spleen; carried by transferrin in the blood to the red bone marrow
What are Erythrocytes also known as?
Red blood cells (RBC)
What are Leukocytes also known as?
White blood cells (WBC)
What are WBC characteristics?
a. Have nuclei and mitochondria
b. Move in amoeboid fashion
c. Diapedesis (extravasation) – movement through the capillary wall into connective tissue
d. Count – approximately 5000 to 9000/mm3 blood
What are the 2 types of leukocytes?
Granular leukocytes (granulocytes)
Agranular leukocytes (agranulocytes)
What are the 2 types of agranular leukocytes?
monocytes and lymphocytes
What are the 3 types of granular leukocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
What is the difference between arteries and veins?
Arteries (except the pulmonary artery) move blood away from the heart
Veins move blood towards the heart
What circulations does the heart pump?
pulmonary and systemic circulations
What is the “buffy coat”?
The barrier between blood and plasma when it is centrifuged
What protein is most abundant in your blood?
Albumin
What protein is for blood clotting?
fibrinogen
What protein creates osmotic pressure in our blood?
Albumin
What protein in blood is associated with antibodies?
Globulin
What are some characteristics of platelets?
a. Smallest formed element, fragments of large cells called megakaryocytes
b. Lack nuclei
c. Very short-lived (5 to 9 days)
d. Forms fibrin to clot blood with several other chemicals and fibrinogen
e. Release serotonin that stimulates vasoconstriction; secrete growth factors
f. Count: 130,000 to 400,000/mm3 blood
cessation of bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged
Hemostasis
Damage exposes collagen fibers to blood, producing:
a. Vasoconstriction
b. Platelet plug
c. Fibrin protein web
What are the 4 chambers of the heart?
Atrium and Ventricle (left and right)
Which is the upper out of the atrium and ventricle?
Atrium
What is the right atrium valve also known as?
Tricuspid
What is the left atrium valve also known as?
Mitral or bicuspid
What is the right ventricle valve also known as?
Pulmonary SL
What is the left ventricle valve also known as?
Aortic SL
What does the right atrium do?
receives deoxygenated blood from the body
What does the left atrium do?
receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
What does the right ventricle do?
pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
What does the left ventricle do?
pumps oxygenated blood to the body
What does the fibrous skeleton do?
Separates atria from ventricles. The atria therefore work as one unit (myocardium), while the ventricles work as a separate unit.
What separates the left and right side of the heart?
Septum
What does pulmonary mean?
Between heart and lungs
What does the pulmonary circuit do?
a. Blood pumps to lungs via pulmonary arteries.
b. Blood returns to heart via pulmonary veins.
What does systemic mean?
Between heart and other organs
What does the systemic circuit do?
a. Blood pumps to body tissues via aorta.
b. Blood returns to heart via superior and inferior venae cavae.
what are the 2 main valve names?
Semilunar valves
Atrioventricular
Where do you find semilunar valves?
Ventricles
What is the cardiac cycle?
a. Repeating pattern of contraction and relaxation of the heart.
b. Systole: contraction of heart muscles
c. Diastole: relaxation of heart muscles
What are cardiac gap junctions called?
intercalated discs
What side of the heart is oxygenated?
Left
What side of the heart has carbon dioxide?
Right
What do you call a heart contracting once from an event?
myocardium or functional syncytium
What is an automatic heart beat called?
Automaticity
What is the pacemaker also known as?
Sinoatrial node
What side of the heart has a pacemaker?
Right atrium
What job does AV node and Purkinje fibers have?
Secondary pacemakers
Describe pacemaker potential (copy paste from slides)
a. A slow, spontaneous depolarization; also called diastolic depolarization – between heartbeats, triggered by hyperpolarization
b. HCN (hyperpolarization cyclic nucleotide) channels open in response to hyperpolarization and allow Na+ to enter to produce depolarization (called a “funny current”)
c. At −40mV, voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open, triggering action potential and contraction.
Stimulates opening of Ca2+ release channels from the SR
Large increase in Ca2+ causes contraction
d. Repolarization occurs with the opening of voltage-gated K+ channels.
What is the contraction of heart muscles?
Systole
What is the relaxation of heart muscles?
Diastole
What is the resting potential of cardiac muscle?
resting potential of −85mV
What is “funny current”
HCN: Hyperpolarization
cyclic AMP
What is myocardial action potential?
b. They are depolarized to threshold by action potentials from the SA node.
c. Voltage-gated Na+ channels (fast Na+) open, and membrane potential plateaus at -15mV for 200 to 300 msec.
Due to balance between slow
d. More K+ are opened, and repolarization occurs.
e. Long plateau prevents summation and tetanus
The occurrence of additional twitch contractions before the previous twitch has completely relaxed?
Summation
When the frequency of muscle contraction is such that the maximal force is tension is generated without any relaxation of the muscle?
Tetanus
Conducting tissues of the heart? (copy paste from slides)
a. Action potentials spread via intercalated discs (gap junctions) between right and left atria.
b. SA node to AV node to stimulate atrial contraction
c. AV node at base of right atrium and bundle of His (AV bundle) conduct toward the ventricles
d. In the interventricular septum, the bundle of His divides into right and left bundle branches
e. Branch bundles become Purkinje fibers, which stimulate ventricular contraction upward
What are the 5 types of blood vessels?
a. Arteries
b. Arterioles
c. Capillaries
d. Venules
e. Veins
Which tunica is composed of simple squamous endothelium on a basement membrane and elastic fibers?
Tunica interna
Which tunica is composed of smooth muscle tissue?
Tunica media
Which tunica is composed of connective tissue?
Tunica externa
What is the difference between arteries and veins?
Veins are sending to your heart
Arteries send away from your heart
Smallest blood vessel: 7 to 10 µm in diameter
Single layer of simple squamous epithelium tissue in wall
Where gases and nutrients are exchanged between the blood and tissues
Capillaries
Blood flow to capillaries is regulated by?
a. Vasoconstriction and vasodilation of arterioles
b. Precapillary sphincters
What are the 3 types of capillaries?
a. Continuous capillaries
b. Fenestrated capillaries
c. Discontinuous
What capillary has adjacent cells are close together; found in muscles, adipose tissue, and central nervous system (add to blood-brain barrier due to no channels)?
Continuous capillaries
What capillary have pores in vessel wall; found in kidneys, intestines, and endocrine glands?
Fenestrated capillaries
What capillary have gaps between cells; found in bone marrow, liver, and spleen; allow the passage of proteins?
Discontinuous capillaries
What is one internal characteristic that veins have that arteries don’t?
Valves
Veins or arteries: which has thicker walls?
Arteries
Veins or arteries: which has a wider “hole”
Veins
Where is the majority of the total blood volume?
In veins
In the cardiovascular system, what is a lumen?
The “hole” in veins (hollow part)
What are skeletal muscle pumps?
Muscles surrounding the veins to help pump blood.
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
Transports excess interstitial fluid (lymph) from tissues to the veins
Produces and houses lymphocytes for the immune response
Transports absorbed fats from intestines to blood
What are the 3 vessels of the lymphatic system?
Lymphatic capillaries: smallest; found within most organs; very porous
a. Interstitial fluids, proteins, microorganisms, and fats can enter.
Lymph ducts: formed from merging capillaries
a. Similar in structure to veins
b. Lymph is filtered through lymph nodes
Thoracic trunk and right lymphatic trunk
a. From merging lymphatic ducts
b. Deliver lymph into right and left subclavian veins
CREATE: pulmonary & systemic circulation as well as 4 chambers and 4 valves
Note for myself :)
