CH.11 and CH.16

Question 1

The nervous system controls the activity of muscles and glands. Muscles and glands can generate changes and are called

Answer 1

Effectors (motor neurons)

Question 2

Which is not a general function of the nervous system

Answer 2

Transporting materials throughout the body

Question 3

Which is not characteristic of neurons

Answer 3

High Miotic Rate

Question 4

Conductive activity in a neuron generally causes it to secrete

Answer 4

A specific neurotransmitter that either excites of inhibits its target

Question 5

Which part of the neuron contains the nucleus

Answer 5

Soma (cell body)

Question 6

Electrical signals are conducted toward the cell body/soma of a neuron by its what?

Answer 6

Dendrites

Question 7

Based on structure, the most common type of neuron is the what type of neuron?

Answer 7

Multipolar

Question 8

The neurons that are responsible for integrating information by retrieving, processing, storing, and deciding how the body responds to stimuli

Answer 8

Interneurons

Question 9

A bipolar Neuron has

Answer 9

One axon, one dendrite extending from the cell body

Question 10

Most commonly, a synapse is made between a

Answer 10

Presynaptic neurons axon and a postsynaptic neurons dendrite

Question 11

When transmission occurs at a synapse, neurotransmitter is released by?

Answer 11

The presynaptic neurons synaptic knob into the synpatic cleft

Question 12

Which statement accurately compares the transmission speed of the different types of synpases

Answer 12

Transmission at the chemical synapses involves a brief synaptic delay, but electrical synapses are faster

Question 13

What is the most abundant glial cell?

Answer 13

Astrocyte

Question 14

The glial cell that helps to circulate cerebrospinal fluid is the ?

Answer 14

Ependymal cell

Question 15

The glial cell that defends the body against pathogens is a

Answer 15

Microglial

Question 16

The glial cell that myelinates and insulates axons within the CNS is the

Answer 16

Oligodendrocytes

Question 17

The function of the myelin is to

Answer 17

produce faster nerve impulse propagation

Question 18

Continuous conduction of a nerve impluse occurs only along

Answer 18

UNmyelinated axons

Question 19

Chemically gated ion channels are mainly found in the ___ segment of a neuron

Answer 19

Receptive

Question 20

Potassium has a higher concentration

Answer 20

INSIDE the cells versus OUTSIDE the cell. Whereas sodium is more concentrated OUTSIDE THE CELL versus inside

Question 21

The separation of oppositely charged ionic particles across a resting neurons membrane results in a potential that is measured as a

Answer 21

Voltage

Question 22

Typically, the resting membrane potential of a neuron is

Answer 22

-70mV

Question 23

Depolarization is when the inside of a neuron becomes ______ the resting membrane potential

Answer 23

Less negative than

Question 24

Hyperpolarization of a neuron results from

Answer 24

Either the entry of an anion or the exit of a cation

Question 25

A graded potential is one that

Answer 25

Varies in size depending on the magnitude of the stimulus

Question 26

When a neurotransmitter causes the opening of chemically gated potassium channels on the postsynaptic cell, the postsynaptic potential that results in

Answer 26

IPSP: which is a hyperpolarization

Question 27

When multiple presynaptic neurons release neurotransmitters at various locations onto the postsynaptic neuron at the same time this results in

Answer 27

Spatial Summation

Question 28

When voltage-gated K+ channels open on the conductive segment of a neuron

Answer 28

K+ exits, repolarizing the cell to a negative value

Question 29

As a neurons refractory period ends, its sodium channels are changing from

Answer 29

their inactivated state to their resting state

Question 30

Arrival of an action potential at the synaptic knob results in

Answer 30

Opening of voltage-gated calcium channels and diffusion of calcium into the synaptic kob

Question 31

A nerve impulse travels fastest along ____ axons of ____ diameter.

Answer 31

Myelinated and Large

Question 32

The slowest category of nerve fibers are the

Answer 32

C-Fibers, they conduct impulses at 1 meter per second

Question 33

Motor/Somatic neurons fall into the category of

Answer 33

A-Fibers

Question 34

The main way acH is cleared from a synapse is by

Answer 34

Degradation by an enzyme

Question 35

# Choose the answer that correctly lists, in ORDER, the events involved in synaptic transmission A: Nerve impulse reaches the synaptic knob B: Neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft C: Nerve impulse begins in the postsynaptic cells D: Neurotransmitter moles bind to receptors in the postsynaptic cell E: Voltage change occurs in the postsynaptic cell

Answer 35

A,B,D,E,C

Question 36

There are TWO TYPES OF SYNPASES based on mode of communication: what are they?

Answer 36

Chemical and Electrical

Question 37

Billions of CNS interneurons are grouped in complex patterns called neuronal

Answer 37

Pools

Question 38

Of the two types of synapses, based on mode of communication which is less common but allows for faster signal transmission?

Answer 38

Electrical synapse

Question 39

The type of neuronal circuit in which several nerve impulses come together at a single post synaptic neuron is a ____circuit

Answer 39

COnverging

Question 40

The type of neuronal circuit in which several neurons process the same information at one time is a _____ circuit

Answer 40

Parallel after discharge

Question 41

What type of circuit would you use to solve a higher order mathmatical problems

Answer 41

Parallel after discharge

Question 42

You walk into a restaurant and amidst the sights, sounds and smells of food preparation, you notice that you have begun to salivate. This is evidence that a particular neuronal circuit has been activated. Which one?

Answer 42

Converging

Question 43

T/F Substance P is a neuropeptide that functions in the transmissions of pain informations to the brain

Answer 43

TRUE

Question 44

T/F Neurotransmitter is released from the synaptic knob by exocytosis and it the diffuses across the synaptic cleft

Answer 44

True

Question 45

Absolute refractory period occurs first T/F

Answer 45

True

Question 46

When a single presynaptic neuron repeatedly releases neurotransmitters in a very short period of time, it results in temporal summation in the postsynaptic T/F

Answer 46

True

Question 47

Some inhibitory neurotransmitters exert their effect by causing the opening of chloride channels which results in the postsynaptic membrane becoming more negative T/F

Answer 47

True

Question 48

When a neurotransmitter opens a chemically gated ion channel that allows sodium to enter the postsynaptic cells, the results in an EPSP T/F

Answer 48

True

Question 49

An action potential involves a temporary reversal of polarity across the plasma membrane T/F

Answer 49

True

Question 50

Negatively charged protein molecules are more prevalent within a neurons cytosol than in the interstitial fluid T/F

Answer 50

True

Question 51

Chemical synapses are more common than electrical synapses T/F

Answer 51

True

Question 52

Typically a multipolar neuron has many dendrites and one axon extending from the cell body T/F

Answer 52

True

Question 53

The spinal chord is apart of the CNS t/f

Answer 53

True

Question 54

In the CNS all axons are myelinated but in the PNS some are myelinated and some are unmyelinated T/F

Answer 54

False

Question 55

A neurons membrane contains more potassium leak channels than sodium leak channels T/F

Answer 55

True

Question 56

Graded potentials generally occur only on the axon of a neuron

Answer 56

False

Question 57

Transmission of nerve impulses along myelinated axons require more energy than transmission along unlyelinated axons T/F

Answer 57

False

Question 58

A neurotransmitter binds chemically gated ion channels on the postsynaptic cell, causing a depolarization. Functionally this neurotransmitter can be classified as excitatory t/f

Answer 58

TRue

Question 59

Ion channel correlate with

Answer 59

Action potential

Question 60

Synaptic Vesicles correlate with

Answer 60

Depolarization

Question 61

Calcium ions correlate with

Answer 61

Repolarization

Question 62

Postsynaptic membrane correlates with

Answer 62

Relative refractory period

Question 63

The synaptic cleft correlates with

Answer 63

Absoute refractory period

Question 64

The neuron cannot respond to a second stimulus, no matter how strong

Answer 64

Threshold Stimulus

Question 65

The interior of the cell becomes less negative due to an influx of sodium ions

Answer 65

Spatial Summation

Question 66

The specific period during which potassium ions diffuse out of the neuron due to a change in the membrane permeability

Answer 66

Repolarizaiton

Question 67

Also called a nerve impulse transmitted by axons

Answer 67

Subthreshold stimulus

Question 68

An exceptionally strong stimulus can trigger a response

Answer 68

Threshold stimulus

Question 69

Numerous nerve impulses arriving at a synapse at closely timed intervals exert a cumulative effect

Answer 69

Temporal summation

Question 70

Stimulations of a postsynaptic neuron by many terminals at the same time

Answer 70

Spatial summation

Question 71

Any stimulus at or above this level will result in action potential

Answer 71

Threshold stimulus

Question 72

An insufficient stimulus to reach an action potential

Answer 72

Subthreshold stimulus

Question 73

An area where nerve impulses is generated

Answer 73

Trigger zone

Question 74

Reciveves stimuli

Answer 74

Receptive region

Question 75

Plasma membrane exhibits voltage gated NA and K channels

Answer 75

Conducting region

Question 76

Plasma membrane exhibits voltage gated Ca channels

Answer 76

Secretory Region

Question 77

Axon terminals releases neurotransmitters

Answer 77

Secretory zone

Question 78

Plasma membrane exhibits chemically gated ion channels

Answer 78

Receptive region

Question 79

Whats the difference between serial and parallel processing

Answer 79

Serial: Only allows one object at time get processed Parallel: Assumes that various objects are processed simutaneouly

Question 80

Explain the 6 steps involves in information transfer across the chemical synapse

Answer 80

1. AP arrives at axon terminal of presynaptic neuron 2. Voltaged gated Ca channels open and enter the axon terminal 3. Ca causes synaptic vesicles to release a neurotransmitter 4. Neurotransmitter diffuse across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane 5. Binding neurotransmitter changes the shape of the receptor protein and opens ion channels which causes a graded potential in postsynaptic cell and can be excitatory or inhibitory event 6. Neurotransmitter effects are terminated in one of three ways a. reputake by astrocytes or axon terminals b. degradation by enzymes c. diffusion away from synaptic cleft

Question 81

What happens when myelin sheaths become nonfunctional?

Answer 81

Nerve impulses slow down or come to a complete stop causing neurological issues

Question 82

What are neural circuits name and define 4 types

Answer 82

1. Diverging: one neuron synapses with with a number of postsynaptic cells 2. Converging: Inputs from many sources are converged into one output 3. reverberating: Repetitive output 4. parallel: Each chain is made up of different number of neurons but their signals converge onto one output neuron

Question 83

Conduction (velocity)depends on axon diameter and degree of myelination. What are the two types of conduction that depend on the presence or absence of myelination?

Answer 83

1. Continuosis conduction | 2. Saltatory Conduction

Question 84

Difference between IPSP and EPSP?

Answer 84

EPSP: Graded potential that can initiate an AP in the axon (Depolarization) IPSP: Produce a graded potential that lessens the change of an AP in the axon (hyperpolarization)

Question 85

Explain G-protein linked neurotransmitter receptors?

Answer 85

Found in eukaryotic cells. binds extracellular substances and transmits signals from these substances to an intracellular molecule (the g-protein)

Question 86

Which neuron transmit signal away from synapse?

Answer 86

The axon

Question 87

Which neuron send the information toward synpase?

Answer 87

Dendrites