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The real study guide > CH.11 and CH.16 > Flashcards

CH.11 and CH.16 Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system controls the activity of muscles and glands. Muscles and glands can generate changes and are called

A

Effectors (motor neurons)

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2
Q

Which is not a general function of the nervous system

A

Transporting materials throughout the body

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3
Q

Which is not characteristic of neurons

A

High Miotic Rate

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4
Q

Conductive activity in a neuron generally causes it to secrete

A

A specific neurotransmitter that either excites of inhibits its target

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5
Q

Which part of the neuron contains the nucleus

A

Soma (cell body)

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6
Q

Electrical signals are conducted toward the cell body/soma of a neuron by its what?

A

Dendrites

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7
Q

Based on structure, the most common type of neuron is the what type of neuron?

A

Multipolar

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8
Q

The neurons that are responsible for integrating information by retrieving, processing, storing, and deciding how the body responds to stimuli

A

Interneurons

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9
Q

A bipolar Neuron has

A

One axon, one dendrite extending from the cell body

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10
Q

Most commonly, a synapse is made between a

A

Presynaptic neurons axon and a postsynaptic neurons dendrite

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11
Q

When transmission occurs at a synapse, neurotransmitter is released by?

A

The presynaptic neurons synaptic knob into the synpatic cleft

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12
Q

Which statement accurately compares the transmission speed of the different types of synpases

A

Transmission at the chemical synapses involves a brief synaptic delay, but electrical synapses are faster

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13
Q

What is the most abundant glial cell?

A

Astrocyte

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14
Q

The glial cell that helps to circulate cerebrospinal fluid is the ?

A

Ependymal cell

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15
Q

The glial cell that defends the body against pathogens is a

A

Microglial

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16
Q

The glial cell that myelinates and insulates axons within the CNS is the

A

Oligodendrocytes

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17
Q

The function of the myelin is to

A

produce faster nerve impulse propagation

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18
Q

Continuous conduction of a nerve impluse occurs only along

A

UNmyelinated axons

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19
Q

Chemically gated ion channels are mainly found in the ___ segment of a neuron

A

Receptive

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20
Q

Potassium has a higher concentration

A

INSIDE the cells versus OUTSIDE the cell. Whereas sodium is more concentrated OUTSIDE THE CELL versus inside

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21
Q

The separation of oppositely charged ionic particles across a resting neurons membrane results in a potential that is measured as a

A

Voltage

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22
Q

Typically, the resting membrane potential of a neuron is

A

-70mV

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23
Q

Depolarization is when the inside of a neuron becomes ______ the resting membrane potential

A

Less negative than

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24
Q

Hyperpolarization of a neuron results from

A

Either the entry of an anion or the exit of a cation

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25
Q

A graded potential is one that

A

Varies in size depending on the magnitude of the stimulus

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26
Q

When a neurotransmitter causes the opening of chemically gated potassium channels on the postsynaptic cell, the postsynaptic potential that results in

A

IPSP: which is a hyperpolarization

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27
Q

When multiple presynaptic neurons release neurotransmitters at various locations onto the postsynaptic neuron at the same time this results in

A

Spatial Summation

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28
Q

When voltage-gated K+ channels open on the conductive segment of a neuron

A

K+ exits, repolarizing the cell to a negative value

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29
Q

As a neurons refractory period ends, its sodium channels are changing from

A

their inactivated state to their resting state

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30
Q

Arrival of an action potential at the synaptic knob results in

A

Opening of voltage-gated calcium channels and diffusion of calcium into the synaptic kob

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31
Q

A nerve impulse travels fastest along ____ axons of ____ diameter.

A

Myelinated and Large

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32
Q

The slowest category of nerve fibers are the

A

C-Fibers, they conduct impulses at 1 meter per second

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33
Q

Motor/Somatic neurons fall into the category of

A

A-Fibers

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34
Q

The main way acH is cleared from a synapse is by

A

Degradation by an enzyme

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35
Q

Choose the answer that correctly lists, in ORDER, the events involved in synaptic transmission

A: Nerve impulse reaches the synaptic knob
B: Neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft
C: Nerve impulse begins in the postsynaptic cells
D: Neurotransmitter moles bind to receptors in the postsynaptic cell
E: Voltage change occurs in the postsynaptic cell

A

A,B,D,E,C

36
Q

There are TWO TYPES OF SYNPASES based on mode of communication: what are they?

A

Chemical and Electrical

37
Q

Billions of CNS interneurons are grouped in complex patterns called neuronal

A

Pools

38
Q

Of the two types of synapses, based on mode of communication which is less common but allows for faster signal transmission?

A

Electrical synapse

39
Q

The type of neuronal circuit in which several nerve impulses come together at a single post synaptic neuron is a ____circuit

A

COnverging

40
Q

The type of neuronal circuit in which several neurons process the same information at one time is a _____ circuit

A

Parallel after discharge

41
Q

What type of circuit would you use to solve a higher order mathmatical problems

A

Parallel after discharge

42
Q

You walk into a restaurant and amidst the sights, sounds and smells of food preparation, you notice that you have begun to salivate. This is evidence that a particular neuronal circuit has been activated. Which one?

A

Converging

43
Q

T/F Substance P is a neuropeptide that functions in the transmissions of pain informations to the brain

A

TRUE

44
Q

T/F Neurotransmitter is released from the synaptic knob by exocytosis and it the diffuses across the synaptic cleft

A

True

45
Q

Absolute refractory period occurs first T/F

A

True

46
Q

When a single presynaptic neuron repeatedly releases neurotransmitters in a very short period of time, it results in temporal summation in the postsynaptic T/F

A

True

47
Q

Some inhibitory neurotransmitters exert their effect by causing the opening of chloride channels which results in the postsynaptic membrane becoming more negative T/F

A

True

48
Q

When a neurotransmitter opens a chemically gated ion channel that allows sodium to enter the postsynaptic cells, the results in an EPSP T/F

A

True

49
Q

An action potential involves a temporary reversal of polarity across the plasma membrane T/F

A

True

50
Q

Negatively charged protein molecules are more prevalent within a neurons cytosol than in the interstitial fluid T/F

A

True

51
Q

Chemical synapses are more common than electrical synapses T/F

A

True

52
Q

Typically a multipolar neuron has many dendrites and one axon extending from the cell body T/F

A

True

53
Q

The spinal chord is apart of the CNS t/f

A

True

54
Q

In the CNS all axons are myelinated but in the PNS some are myelinated and some are unmyelinated T/F

A

False

55
Q

A neurons membrane contains more potassium leak channels than sodium leak channels T/F

A

True

56
Q

Graded potentials generally occur only on the axon of a neuron

A

False

57
Q

Transmission of nerve impulses along myelinated axons require more energy than transmission along unlyelinated axons T/F

A

False

58
Q

A neurotransmitter binds chemically gated ion channels on the postsynaptic cell, causing a depolarization. Functionally this neurotransmitter can be classified as excitatory t/f

A

TRue

59
Q

Ion channel correlate with

A

Action potential

60
Q

Synaptic Vesicles correlate with

A

Depolarization

61
Q

Calcium ions correlate with

A

Repolarization

62
Q

Postsynaptic membrane correlates with

A

Relative refractory period

63
Q

The synaptic cleft correlates with

A

Absoute refractory period

64
Q

The neuron cannot respond to a second stimulus, no matter how strong

A

Threshold Stimulus

65
Q

The interior of the cell becomes less negative due to an influx of sodium ions

A

Spatial Summation

66
Q

The specific period during which potassium ions diffuse out of the neuron due to a change in the membrane permeability

A

Repolarizaiton

67
Q

Also called a nerve impulse transmitted by axons

A

Subthreshold stimulus

68
Q

An exceptionally strong stimulus can trigger a response

A

Threshold stimulus

69
Q

Numerous nerve impulses arriving at a synapse at closely timed intervals exert a cumulative effect

A

Temporal summation

70
Q

Stimulations of a postsynaptic neuron by many terminals at the same time

A

Spatial summation

71
Q

Any stimulus at or above this level will result in action potential

A

Threshold stimulus

72
Q

An insufficient stimulus to reach an action potential

A

Subthreshold stimulus

73
Q

An area where nerve impulses is generated

A

Trigger zone

74
Q

Reciveves stimuli

A

Receptive region

75
Q

Plasma membrane exhibits voltage gated NA and K channels

A

Conducting region

76
Q

Plasma membrane exhibits voltage gated Ca channels

A

Secretory Region

77
Q

Axon terminals releases neurotransmitters

A

Secretory zone

78
Q

Plasma membrane exhibits chemically gated ion channels

A

Receptive region

79
Q

Whats the difference between serial and parallel processing

A

Serial: Only allows one object at time get processed

Parallel: Assumes that various objects are processed simutaneouly

80
Q

Explain the 6 steps involves in information transfer across the chemical synapse

A
  1. AP arrives at axon terminal of presynaptic neuron
  2. Voltaged gated Ca channels open and enter the axon terminal
  3. Ca causes synaptic vesicles to release a neurotransmitter
  4. Neurotransmitter diffuse across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific receptors on the postsynaptic
    membrane
  5. Binding neurotransmitter changes the shape of the receptor protein and opens ion channels which causes a graded potential in postsynaptic cell and can be excitatory or inhibitory event
  6. Neurotransmitter effects are terminated in one of three ways
    a. reputake by astrocytes or axon terminals
    b. degradation by enzymes
    c. diffusion away from synaptic cleft
81
Q

What happens when myelin sheaths become nonfunctional?

A

Nerve impulses slow down or come to a complete stop causing neurological issues

82
Q

What are neural circuits name and define 4 types

A
  1. Diverging: one neuron synapses with with a number of postsynaptic cells
  2. Converging: Inputs from many sources are converged into one output
  3. reverberating: Repetitive output
  4. parallel: Each chain is made up of different number of neurons but their signals converge onto one output neuron
83
Q

Conduction (velocity)depends on axon diameter and degree of myelination. What are the two types of conduction that depend on the presence or absence of myelination?

A
  1. Continuosis conduction

2. Saltatory Conduction

84
Q

Difference between IPSP and EPSP?

A

EPSP: Graded potential that can initiate an AP in the axon (Depolarization)

IPSP: Produce a graded potential that lessens the change of an AP in the axon (hyperpolarization)

85
Q

Explain G-protein linked neurotransmitter receptors?

A

Found in eukaryotic cells. binds extracellular substances and transmits signals from these substances to an intracellular molecule (the g-protein)

86
Q

Which neuron transmit signal away from synapse?

A

The axon

87
Q

Which neuron send the information toward synpase?

A

Dendrites

The real study guide (2 decks)

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