ch10 investigating a bioethical issue

Question 1

primary data

Answer 1

• data that researchers collect directly through observation and experimentation
• observations, surveys, questionnaires, personal or telephone interviews, case studies and focus group discussions

Question 2

secondary data

Answer 2

• already existing data produced by previous researchers
• past
• investigation of journal articles, websites, government publications, records, etc.

Question 3

what makes an experiment valid

Answer 3

• if it is measuring what it is intended to measure.
• to ensure validity, control all variables which may affect the outcome of the experiment except the independent variable.

Question 4

correlation study

Answer 4

observational study to see if relationships between people or events can be established.

Question 5

literature review

Answer 5

examination, collation, and analysis of the scientific findings and viewpoints of others as displayed in scientific journals

Question 6

classification or identification

Answer 6

grouping of objects or events into manageable sets

Question 7

fieldwork

Answer 7

use of direct or indirect qualitative or quantitative investigations using observations, measurements or interviews

Question 8

simulation

Answer 8

using a model to study a real or theoretical system.

Question 9

dependent variable

Answer 9

the factor measured by the experimenter.

Question 9

independent variable

Answer 9

the factor changed by the investigator.
-only one in a valid experiment

Question 10

controlled variable

Answer 10

all factors which must be kept the same because the could affect the outcome of the experiment.

Question 11

controlled experiment

Answer 11

-all variables except the dependent and independent variable are kept constant

Question 12

control

Answer 12

• a group in a scientific experiment- separate from the rest of the experiment, where the independent variable being tested cannot influence the results.

Question 13

positive control

Answer 13

• shows a result is possible
• experiment is working as designed
• is an effect when there should be
• not exposed to experimental treatment but is to other treatment that can produce expected effect.

Question 14

personal errors

Answer 14

• not true scientific errors
• mistakes or miscalculations
• our own fault

Question 14

negative control

Answer 14

• is not exposed to the experimental treatment that is expected to have an effect.
• no effect when there should be no effect
• nothing is expected to happen
• comparison

Question 15

systematic errors

Answer 15

• occur in the same direction, consistently
• will make the results inaccurate, but trends can still be identified
• error is identifiable, and can be eliminated for future experiments.

Question 16

random errors

Answer 16

• can occur in any direction and are not consistent, hard to identify and hard to fix for future experiments