Biology Unit 2 AOS1 SAC Flashcards

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1
Q

sexual reproduction:

A

fusion of gametes from two different parents.

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2
Q

biological advantages of SEXUAL reproduction

A
  • offspring have a great deal of variation
  • high chance of individuals having a beneficial trait if environment changes.
  • due to different phenotypes being present in the offspring there is likely to be less competition for resources.
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3
Q

biological disadvantages of SEXUAL reproduction

A
  • considerable amounts of energy must be expended on the efforts to find and establish a mate.
  • Only half of the parents genetic material ends up with the offspring.
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4
Q

zygote

A

a single cell formed from the fusion of gametes from two different parents

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5
Q

production of gametes

A

gametes are produced my meiosis - show considerable variation even from the one individual

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6
Q

asexual reproduction

A

occurs when only one individual gives rise to the next generation. usually offspring is identical to the parent and each other. (clones)

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7
Q

asexual reproduction examples

A
  • binary fission
  • budding
  • spores
  • vegetative reproduction
  • fragmentation
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8
Q

biological advantages of ASEXUAL reproduction

A
  • energy efficient
  • no need to find a mate
  • offspring are genetically identical to the parent-
  • many offspring can be produced in a very short period of time
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9
Q

biological disadvantages of ASEXUAL reproduction

A
  • offspring are genetically identical to the parent so if the environment changes and one individual is susceptible to the change, then all are.
  • Mutations cannot be guaranteed to produce beneficial variation- most are harmful
  • large numbers of offspring may result in fierce competition between them.
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10
Q

cloning

A

producing genetically identical copies of an individual organism.

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11
Q

two main forms of cloning in animals

A
  • nuclear transfer
  • embryo splitting
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12
Q

nuclear transfer

A

many problems
offspring
-offspring age very quickly and have many abnormalities
- aren’t identical because the mitochondria are from the egg donor.

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13
Q

embryo splitting

A

egg is fertilized using IVF. (procedure used to help get pregnant)
- zygote is allowed to divide
- the coat that stimulated the cell to divide is removed
- the cells are separated, and an artificial coat is placed around each of the separated cells.
- These cells divide and the bundles are implanted into different surrogate mothers.

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14
Q

adaptations

A

any characteristic of a living thing which helps it to survive and reproduce in its environment.
- can be structural, behavioral or physiological

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15
Q

structural

A

physical features or anatomical traits that help an organism survive in its environment

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16
Q

structural example

A

camouflage in animals like chameleons or polar bears.

17
Q

structural- how chameleons avoid predators

A

has specialized pigment producing structures

18
Q

physiological

A

internal body processes or functions that enhance survival or reproduction

19
Q

physiological example

A

sweating or panting to regulate body temperature

20
Q

physiological- how chameleons avoid predators

A

can produce different types/amounts of pigment to change color

21
Q

behavioral

A

actions or patterns of behavior that organisms develop to survive and reproduce

22
Q

behavioral example

A

migration of birds to warmer regions during winter

23
Q

behavioral- how chameleons avoid predators

A

stays still when in danger

24
Q

symbiosis

A

close relationship between two species

25
Q

four main types of symbiosis

A
  • parasitism
  • mutualism
  • commensalism
  • amensalism
26
Q

parasitism

A

one species benefits and the other is harmed
- a parasite often lives on or in its host
- host is harmed by the relationship

27
Q

mutualism

A

both species benefit

28
Q

commensalism

A

one species benefit and the other neither benefit or is harmed

29
Q

amensalism

A

one species is harmed and the other neither benefit nor is harmed
- occurs because one species produces a chemical which harms the other species but the organism producing the chemical is not benefitted by the harm to the second species.

30
Q

competition

A

a relationship where two organisms require the same resources
-intraspecific and interspecific

31
Q

intraspecific

A

within species

32
Q

interspecific

A

between species

33
Q

abundance

A

the number of organisms of a particular species
some ecosystems have a lower abundance but higher species richness

34
Q

predator-prey

A

the predator kills and eats the prey

35
Q

distribution

A

how the members of a species are spread through a particular area
- uniform, random, clumped

36
Q

density

A

the number of individuals per unit area.

37
Q

keystone species

A

a species with a dramatically large effect on an ecosystem relative to its abundance

38
Q

aboriginal and torres strait islanders knowledge:

A
  • location of animal’s habitats
  • food webs of an ecosystem
  • seasonal patterns of movement
  • nesting and breeding locations
  • density and distributions of populations.
39
Q

what aboriginal and torres strait islanders get from understanding the ecosystem

A
  • harvest plants and animals in a sustainable manner
  • on going supply for themselves
  • conservation of the species