CH10 Aggression Flashcards
The finding that the more we see and
interact with people, the more likely
they are to become our friends.
Propinquity Effect
The finding that the more exposure we
have to a stimulus, the more apt we are
to like it.
Mere Exposure Effect
Festinger, Schachter, and Back (1950) tracked friendship formation among randomly assigned couples in various apartment buildings.
Demonstrated Functional Distance
Refers to certain aspects of architectural design that make it more likely that some people will come into contact with each other more often than with others.
Functional Distance
Chan and Cheng (2004) found that the quality of offline friendships was higher
than that of online for relationships that had existed for up to a year. However, when friendships had existed for longer than a year, the online and offline relationships were very similar.
Computers: Long-Distance Propinquity
Propinquity increases familiarity
Familiarity leads to liking, but more is needed for friendship or romance.
That “fuel” is _____ with respect to interests,
attitudes, values, background, or personality and those of another person.
Similarity
Newcomb (1961): Randomly assigned
roommates were more likely to become friends
when they were more similar in:
– Demographics (e.g., rural/urban)
– Attitudes & values (e.g., major, politics)
Personality matters as does interpersonal style
1.We tend to think that people who are
similar to us will also like us, so we are
likely to initiate a relationship.
2. People who are similar validate our own
characteristics and beliefs.
3. We make negative inferences about
someone who disagrees with us on
important issues.
Why is similarity so important in attraction?
Just knowing that someone likes us fuels
our attraction to the person.
Reciprocal Liking (sometimes happens
because of a self-fulfilling prophecy)
Physical attractiveness also plays an important role in liking. People from different cultures perceive facial attractiveness quite similarly.
Physical Attractiveness and Liking
The “what is beautiful is good” stereotype demonstrates the tendency to believe that an individual who possesses positive characteristics also possesses other, unrelated positive traits. Specifically, people assume that physical attractiveness is associated with a variety of other desirable traits, sometimes leading to self-fulfilling prophecies.
Halo Effect
The idea that people’s feelings about a relationship depend on perceptions of rewards and costs, the kind of relationship they deserve, and their chances for having a better relationship with someone else.
Social Exchange Theory
The idea is that people are happiest in relationships in which rewards and costs are experienced and both parties’ contributions are roughly equal.
Equity Theory
Holds that how people feel (positively or negatively) about their relationships will depend on:
(1)Their perception of the rewards they receive
from the relationship,
(2) Their perception of the costs they incur, and
(3) Their perception of what kind of relationship
they deserve and
(4) The probability that they could have a better
relationship with someone else.
Social Exchange Theory
Expectations about the level of rewards
and costs you are likely to receive in a
particular relationship.
Comparison Level
(which is based on prior
experience)
Expectations about the level of rewards
and costs you would receive in an
alternative relationship.
Comparison Level for Alternatives
Comparison of current role outcomes with past role outcomes and alternative role outcomes.
Past Alt.
Rel. Rel. Satisfaction Decision
– Situation A > > Satisfied Stay
– Situation B > < Satisfied Leave
– Situation C < > Dissatisfied Stay
– Situation D < < Dissatisfied Leave
Thibaut and Kelley’s Model
Equitable relationships as the
happiest and most stable.
Equity Theory
The intimacy and affection we feel when we care deeply for a person but do not experience passion or arousal in the person’s presence. People can experience this in nonsexual relationships, such as close friendships, or in sexual relationships, where they experience great feelings of intimacy (companionate love) but not a great deal of the heat and passion they may once have felt.
Companionate Love
An intense longing we feel for a person, accompanied by physiological arousal; when our love is reciprocated, we feel great fulfillment and ecstasy, but when it is not, we feel sadness and despair. Involves an intense longing for another person, characterized by:
1. The experience of physiological arousal,
2. The feeling of shortness of breath, and
3. Thumping heart in loved one’s presence.
Passionate Love
A theory derived from evolutionary biology that holds that men and women are attracted to different characteristics
in each other (men are attracted by women’s appearance; women are attracted by men’s resources) because this maximizes their chances of reproductive
success.
Evolutionary Approach to Love
The attempt to explain social behavior in terms of genetic factors that evolved over time according to the principles of natural selection.
Evolutionary Psychology
The expectations people develop about relationships with others, based on the relationship they had with their primary caregiver when they were infants.
Attachment Styles
An attachment style characterized by trust, a lack of concern with being abandoned, and the view that one is worthy and well liked.
Secure Attachment Style
An attachment style characterized by a suppression of attachment needs, because attempts to be intimate have been rebuffed; people with this style find it difficult to develop intimate relationships.
Avoidant Attachment Style
An attachment style is characterized by a concern that others will not reciprocate one’s desire for intimacy, resulting in
higher-than-average levels of anxiety.
Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment Style
To predict whether people will stay in an
intimate relationship, we need to know:
(1) How satisfied they are with the
relationship,
(2) What they think of the alternatives, and
(3) How great their investment in the
relationship is.
Investment Model
Relationships governed by the need for
equity (i.e., for an equal ratio of rewards
and costs).
Exchange Relationships
Relationships in which people’s primary
concern is being responsive to the other
person’s needs.
Communal Relationships
Actively harming the relationship (e.g., abusing the partner, threatening to break up, actually leaving). Passively allowing the relationship to deteriorate (e.g., refusing to deal with problems, ignoring the partner or spending less time together, putting no energy into the relationship).
Destructive Behaviors - Process of Breaking Up
Actively trying to improve the relationship (e.g., discussing problems, trying to change, going to a therapist). Passively remaining loyal to the relationship (e.g., waiting and
hoping that the situation will improve, being supportive rather than fighting, and remaining optimistic).
Constructive Behaviors- Process of Breaking Up
