Ch.10 Flashcards

1
Q

Accommodation

A

Piagetian process of altering a belief to make it more compatible with experience

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2
Q

Adolesence

A

transition between childhood and adulthood commonly associated with the teenage years

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3
Q

assimilation

A

Piagetian process of absorbing new experience into the current knowledge structures

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4
Q

attachment

A

the strong emotional connection we share with those to whom we feel closest

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5
Q

average expectable environment

A

environment that provides children with basic needs for affection and discipline

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6
Q

blastocyst

A

ball of identical cells early in pregnancy that haven’t yet begun to take on any specific function in a body part

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7
Q

cognitive development

A

study of how children acquire the ability to learn, think, reason, communicate, and remember

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8
Q

Cohort effect

A

effect observed in a sample of participants that results from individuals in the sample of growing up at the same time

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9
Q

concrete operations stage

A

stage in Piaget’s theory characterized by the ability to perform mental operations on physical events only

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10
Q

contact comfort

A

positive emotions afforded by touch

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11
Q

conservation

A

Piagetian task requiring children to understand that despite a transformation in the physical presentation of an amount, the amount remains the same

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12
Q

cross-sectional design

A

research design that examines people of different ages at a single point in time

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13
Q

developmental psychology

A

study of how behavior and mental processes change over the life span

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14
Q

egocenturism

A

inability to see the world from others perspectives

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15
Q

embryo

A

-2-8 weeks of prenatal development
-limbs, facial features, major organs take form

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16
Q

emerging adulthood

A

period of life between the ages of 18-25 during which many aspects of emotional development, identity, and personality become solidified

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17
Q

empty-nest syndrome

A

alleged period of depression in mothers following the departure of their grown children from home

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18
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome

A

condition resulting from high levels of prenatal alcohol exposure, causing learning disabilities, delays in growth, facial malformations, and behavioral disorders

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19
Q

fetus

A

-week 9-birth or prenatal development
-all major organs are established and physical maturation is the primary change

20
Q

formal operations stage

A

in Piaget’s theory characterized by the ability to perform hypothetical reasoning beyond the here and now

21
Q

gender identity

A

individuals sense of being male or female

22
Q

gender role

A

set of behaviors that tend to be associated with being a man or woman

23
Q

gene-environment interaction

A

situation in which effects of genes by environmental experiences throughout development

24
Q

identity

A

our sense of who we are and our life goals and priorities

25
Q

longitudinal design

A

research design that examines development in the same group of people on multiple occasions over time

26
Q

menarche

A

start of menstruation

27
Q

menopause

A

termination of menstruation, marking the end of a females reproductive potential

28
Q

midlife crisis

A

supposed phase of adulthood characterized by emotional distress about the aging process and an attempt to regain youth

29
Q

mono-operation bias

A

drawing conclusions on the basis of only a single measure

30
Q

motor behavior

A

bodily motion that occurs as a result of self-initiated force that moves the bones and muscles

31
Q

nature via nurture

A

tendency of individuals with certain genetic predispositions to seek out and create an environment that permit the expression of those genes

32
Q

object permanence

A

the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view

33
Q

prenatal

A

prior to birth

34
Q

preoperational stage

A

Piaget’s theory characterized by the ability to construct mental representations of experience but not yet perform operations on them

35
Q

primary sex characteristic

A

a physical feature such as the reproductive organs and genitals that distinguish the sexes

36
Q

psychosocial crisis

A

dilemma concerning an individuals relations to other people

37
Q

puberty

A

the achievement of sexual maturation resulting in the potential to reproduce

38
Q

scaffolding

A

vygoskian learning mechanism in which parents provide initial assistance in child’s learning but gradually remove structures as children become more competent

39
Q

Secondary sex characteristic

A

a sex-differentiating characteristic that doesn’t relate directly to reproduction
-breasts enlargement in females and deepened make voices

40
Q

seneorimotor stage

A

stage in piagets theory characterized by a focus on the here and now without the ability to represent experiences mentally

41
Q

spermarche

A

first ejaculation by males

42
Q

stranger anxiety

A

fear of strangers developing at 8 or 9 months

43
Q

temperment

A

basic emotional style that appears early in development and is largely genetic in origin

44
Q

teratogen

A

an environmental factor that can exert a negative impact on prenatal development

45
Q

theory of mind

A

ability to reason about what other people know or believe

46
Q

zone of proximal development

A

phase of learning which children can benefit from instruction

47
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg