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ISA Textbook > Ch.1 Tree Biology > Flashcards

Ch.1 Tree Biology Flashcards

1
Q

abscission zone

A

area at the base of a petiole, small branch, or flower where cellular breakdown leads to leaf, flower, or fruit drop.

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2
Q

absorbing roots

A

fine roots with functional root hairs that are responsible for the uptake of water and minerals.

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3
Q

adventitious bud

A

bud arising peripherally from a place other than a leaf axil or shoot tip, usually as a result of hormonal triggers

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4
Q

aerial roots

A

aboveground roots. Usually adventitious in nature and sometimes having unique adaptive functions.

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5
Q

angiosperm

A

plant with seeds borne in an ovary. Consists of two large groups: monocotyledons (grasses, palms, and related plants) and dicotyledons (most woody trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants, and related plants).

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6
Q

anthocyanin

A

red or purple pigment responsible for those colors in some parts of plants.

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7
Q

apical bud

A

bud at the tip of a twig or shoot

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8
Q

apical dominance

A

condition in which the terminal bud inhibits the growth and development of the lateral buds on the same stem formed during the same season.

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9
Q

apical meristem

A

growing point in buds and at the tips of shoots and roots

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10
Q

auxins

A

plant hormones that promote or regulate the growth and development of plants. Produced at sites where cells are dividing, primarily in the shoot tips. Aux-like compounds may be synthetically produced.

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11
Q

axial transport

A

movement of water, minerals, or photosynthates longitudinally within a tree.

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12
Q

axillary bud

A

bud in the axil of a leaf. Lateral bud.

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13
Q

barrier zone

A

chemical and anatomical barrier formed by the cambium in response to wounding. Inhibits the spread of decay into xylem tissue formed after the time of wounding. Wall 4 in the CODIT model.

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14
Q

branch bark ridge

A

raised strip of bark at the top of a branch union, where the growth and expansion of the trunk or parent stem and adjoining branch push the bark into a ridge.

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15
Q

branch collar

A

swollen area where a branch joins the trunk or another branch that is created by the overlapping vascular tissues from both the branch and the trunk.

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16
Q

branch union

A

point where a branch originates from the trunk or another branch.

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17
Q

bud

A

undeveloped flower or shoot containing a meristematic growing point. Small lateral or terminal protuberance on the stem of a plant that may develop into a flower or shoot.

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18
Q

buttress roots

A

roots at the trunk base that help support the tree and equalize mechanical stress.

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19
Q

cambium

A

thin layer(s) of meristematic cells that give rise (outward) to the phloem and (inward) to the xylem, which results in secondary growth (increasing diameter) of stems and roots.

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20
Q

carbohydrate

A

chemical compound, combining carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a proportion of C:2H:O (CH2O), that is produced by plants as a result of photosynthesis (sugars) or is derived from assimilates (starches, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin).

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21
Q

carotenoid

A

yellow, orange, or red pigment often responsible for those colors in some parts of trees and other plants.

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22
Q

cell turgor

A

distension in a plant cell caused by its fluid contents.

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23
Q

cellulose

A

long-chain, insoluble glucose polymer found in the cell walls of the majority of plants.

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24
Q

chlorophyll

A

green pigment of plants found in chloroplasts. Captures the energy of the sun and is essential in photosynthesis.

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25
chloroplast
specialized organelle found in some cells. Site of photosynthesis.
26
CODIT
Acronym for compartmentalization of decay in trees. Sometimes interpreted as compartmentalization of damage or dysfunction in trees.
27
compartmentalization
natural defense process in trees by which chemical and physical boundaries are created that act to limit the spread of disease and decay organisms.
28
cork cambium
lateral meristem from which the corky, protective layer of bark is formed. Also known as phellogen.
29
cuticle
waxy layer outside the epidermis of a leaf that slows water loss and helps protect the leaf from insects and diseases.
30
cytokinins
plant hormones involved in cell division, leaf expansion, and other physiological processes. Compounds with cytokinin-like activity may be synthetically produced.
31
deciduous
tree or other plant that sheds all of its foliage annually
32
decurrent
rounded or spreading growth habit of the tree crown
33
differentiation
process in the development of cells in which they become specialized for various functions
34
diffuse porous
pattern of wood development in which the vessels and vessel sizes are distributed evenly throughout the growth ring.
35
dormant
having normal physical functions suspended or slowed down for a period of time.
36
earlywood
portion of an annual ring (growth ring) that forms after a period of dormancy, characterized by large-diameter cells and thin walls (in ring-porous species). Also called springwood.
37
epicormic shoot
shoot arising from a dormant bud or from newly formed adventitious tissue
38
eudicotyledon (eudicot)
plant with tricolpate (three-grooved) pollen grains and two cotyledons in its embryo. Eudicotyledons constitute the larger of the two great divisions of flowering plants and typically have broad, stalked leaves with net-like veins.
39
evergreen
tree or other plant that sheds all of its foliage progressively over a period of years rather than annually.
40
excurrent
pattern of tree branching characterized by a dominant leader and an upright or pyramidal, cone-shaped crown.
41
fiber
(1) elongated, tapering, thick-walled cell that provides strength to wood. (2) smallest component of a rope.
42
frond
large, divided leaf structure found in palms and ferns.
43
geotropism
plant growth produced as a response to the force of gravity, either positive as in the direction of gravity (roots) or negative as in opposite the direction of gravity (shoots).
44
growth rings
rings of xylem that are visible in a cross section of the stem, branches, and roots of some trees. In temperate zones, the rings typically represent one year of growth and are sometimes referred to as annual rings
45
guard cells
pair of specialized cells that regulate the opening and closing of a stomate due to a change in water pressure within cells
46
gymnosperm
plants with exposed seeds, usually within cones. The classes of ginkgopsida and Coniferopsida are members of the group.
47
heartwood
central wood in a branch or stem characterized by being composed of dead cells, more resistant to decay, generally darker, and harder than the outer sapwood. Trees may or may not have heartwood
48
included bark
bark that becomes embedded in the union between branch and trunk or between codominant stems. Lacks wood connections, resulting in a weak structure.
49
inflorescence
cluster of flowers.
50
internode
region of the stem between two successive nodes
51
lateral root
root that arises by cell division in the pericycle of the parent root and then penetrates the cortex and epidermis
52
latewood
portion of an annual ring (growth ring) that forms during summer, characterized by small-diameter cells with thick walls. Summer wood.
53
leaf axil
edge of a leaf petiole where it meets the stem
54
lenticel
small opening in the bark that permits the exchange of gases
55
lignin
organic substance that impregnates secondary cell walls to thicken and strengthen the cell and, at times, to reduce susceptibility to decay and pest damage.
56
meristem
undifferentiated tissue in which active cell division takes place. Found in the root tips, buds, cambium, cork cambium, and latent buds.
57
monocotyledon (monocot)
plant with an embryo that has one single seed leaf (cotyledon). Examples are grasses and palms.
58
mycorrhizae
symbiotic association between certain fungi and absorbing roots of a plant.
59
node
point on a stem from which leaves, branches, and aerial roots are attached
60
osmosis
diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water potential (lower salt concentration) to a region of lower water potential (higher salt concentration).
61
parenchyma cells
thin-walled, living cells capable of dividing and essential in photosynthesis, radial transport, energy storage, and production of defense compounds.
62
petiole
stalk or support axis of a leaf between the stem and the blade
63
phloem
plant vascular tissue that transports photosynthates and growth regulators bidirectionally (up and down). Situated on the inside of the bark, just outside the cambium.
64
photosynthate
general term for the sugars and other carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis
65
photosynthesis
process in green plants (and in algae and some bacteria) by which light energy is used to form glucose (chemical energy). from water and carbon dioxide
66
phototropism
influence of light on the direction of plant growth. Tendency of plants to grow toward light.
67
plant growth regulator
compound effective in small quantities that affects the growth and/or development of plants. May be naturally produced (hormone) or synthetic.
68
plant hormone
substance produced by a plant that, in low concentrations, affects physiological processes such as growth and development, often at a distance from the substance's point of origin.
69
primary growth
root and stem growth in length. Occurs in apical and lateral meristems.
70
propagation
process of increasing plant numbers, both sexually and asexually.
71
radial transport
lateral movement of substances, perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tree or stem.
72
ray
parenchyma tissues that extend radially across the xylem and phloem of a tree and funtion in transport, storage, structural strength, and defense.
73
reaction zone
natural boundary formed chemically within a tree to separate damaged wood from existing healthy wood. Important in the process of compartmentalization.
74
respiration
in plants, process by which carbohydrates are converted into energy by using oxygen.
75
ring porous
pattern of wood development in which the large-diameter vessels are concentrated in the earlywood.
76
root crown
area where the main roots join the plant stem, usually at or near ground level. Root collar.
77
root initiation zone
region at the base of a palm stem where lateral roots emerge.
78
root mat
dense network of roots. In palms, near the base of the stem.
79
sapwood
outer wood (xylem) that has living cells that are active in longitudinal trnasport of water and solutes.
80
secondary growth
increase in root and stem girth or diameter. Occurs at lateral or secondary meristems in some vascular plants such as dicots.
81
shake
separation of wood at the growth rings (ring shake) or rays (radial shake), often along the barrier zone that forms in the compartmentalization process (CODIT).
82
sink
plant part that uses or stores more energy than it produces
83
sinker roots
downward-growing roots that provide anchorage and take up water and minerals. Especially useful during periods of drought.
84
source
in physiology, plant part that produces carbohydrates. Most green parts are sources because the presence of chlorophyll is indicative of photosynthesis, including mature leaves and green bark.
85
stomata
small apertures, between two guard cells on the undersides of leaves and other green plant parts, through which gases are exchanged and water loss is regulated
86
symbiosis
association of two different types of living organisms that is not detrimental to either organism and is beneficial to one, and usually both, of the organisms.
87
taproot
central, vertical root growing directly below the main stem or trunk that may or may not persist into plant maturity.
88
temperate
region lying between the tropics and permafrost zones where temperature ranges and condition permit plant growth.
89
terminal bud
bud at the tip of a twig or shoot. Apical bud.
90
tracheid
elongated, tapering xylem cell that is dead at maturity and is adapted for the support and transport of water and elements.
91
transpiration
water vapor loss, primarily through the stomata of the leaves.
92
tropism
tendency of growth or variation of a plant in response to and external stimulus, such as gravity (geotropism) or light (phototropism).
93
vessel
end-to-end, tubelike, water-conducting cells in the xylem of angiosperms.
94
xylem
main water- and mineral-conducting (unidirectional, up-only) tissue in trees and other plants. Provides structural support. Arises (inward) from the cambium and becomes wood after lignifying.

ISA Textbook (5 decks)

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