CH.1 The Sciences of Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
What is Anatomy?
Study of Structure and Form.
What is Physiology?
Study of body part functions.
Example: Heart pumps blood throughout the body.
How is Scientific Method used for Anatomy & Physiology
Used to explain and understand the workings of the body.
What are the steps of the Scientific Method?
a. Examine natural events through observation.
b. Develop a Hypothesis.
c. Experiment & test Hypothesis through collection of Data.
d. Determine if data supports or rejects Hypothesis.
Example: Using Scientific Method to explain how blood circulates through the body.
What is Microscopic Anatomy?
Examines structures that cannot be seen by the unaided eye.
What are the two main divisions of Microscopic Anatomy?
a. Cellular Anatomy: Study of body cells and their structure.
b. Histology: Study of tissues.
What is Gross Anatomy?
Investigates the structure and relationship of visible body parts.
What are the main divisions of Gross Anatomy? (4)
a. Systemic Anatomy: Studies anatomy of each functional body system.
b. Regional Anatomy: Examines all structures in a particular region as a complete unit.
c. Surface Anatomy: Focuses on superficial anatomical markings and internal body structures.
d. Comparative Anatomy: Examines similarities and differences in different species’ anatomy.
What is Systemic Anatomy?
Studies anatomy of each functional body system.
Example: Studying the Urinary System including kidneys and organs that transport and store urine.
What is Regional Anatomy?
Examines all structures in a particular region as a complete unit.
Example: Examining the structures of the abdomen as a whole.
What is Surface Anatomy?
Focuses on superficial anatomical markings and internal body structures that relate to the skin covering them.
Example: Healthcare providers use surface landmarks to identify important locations on the body.
What is Comparative Anatomy?
Examines similarities and differences in different species’ anatomy.
Example: Comparing limb structure in humans, chimps, and dogs.
What is Embryology?
Concerns with developmental changes from conception to birth.
What does Pathologic Anatomy examine?
Examines anatomical changes resulting from disease, including both gross anatomy and microscopic structures.
What is Radiographic Anatomy?
Investigates the relationships in internal structures visualized by radiography (x-ray), ultrasound, and MR imaging.
What is the focus of Physiology?
Details the function of body structures.
What does Cardiovascular Physiology study?
Function of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
What is the focus of Neurophysiology?
Examines how nerve impulses are propagated throughout the nervous system.
What does Respiratory Physiology study?
Studies how respiratory gases are transferred by gas exchange between lungs and blood vessels.
What is the focus of Reproductive Physiology?
Regulation of reproductive hormones that drive the reproductive cycle and influence sex cell production.
What does Pathophysiology investigate?
Investigates the relationship between organ systems and disease/injury to that system.
Why is it important to understand both Anatomy and Physiology?
You can’t understand function without knowing the structure.
What are the levels of organization in the body?
Molecule → Organelle → Cell → Organ → Organ System → Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biosphere.
What are the Several Properties that make Organisms considered as Living(6)
Organization, Metabolism, Growth & Development, Responsiveness, Regulation, Reproudction.
What is metabolism?
The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body, releasing energy.
What is catabolism?
The process of larger molecules being broken into smaller ones.
What is anabolism?
The process of small molecules joining to form larger molecules.
What is growth and development?
During their lifetime, organisms increase in size (growth) and undergo more complex development.
What is the purpose of responsiveness in organisms?
To detect and react to stimuli, such as feeling hot and responding to avoid damage.
What is regulation in the context of organisms?
The ability to maintain internal body functions in response to environmental changes (homeostasis).
What is reproduction in organisms?
All organisms produce new cells for growth, maintenance, and repair.
What is the organization of matter from simple to complex?
Atom → Molecule → Macromolecule → Organism.
What must all organisms exchange to remain alive and healthy?
Nutrients, wastes, and gases with their environment.
What is the Supine Position?
Laying down, face up.
Example: ‘Heart is superior to the stomach’ is no longer true because of position.
What is the Anatomical Position?
Standing upright with feet parallel and flat on the floor, upper limbs at sides of the body, palms facing anteriorly.
What are sections or planes in anatomy?
Real or imaginary ‘slices’ of the body used to examine internal anatomy.
What is the Midsagittal Plane?
A vertical plane that divides the body or organ into equal left and right halves.
What does the Coronal Plane do?
Divides the body or organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.
What is the Transverse Plane?
Divides the body or organ into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) parts.
What is a Parasagittal Plane?
A vertical plane that divides a structure into unequal/slanted left and right parts.
What are Oblique Planes?
Planes that pass through a structure at an angle.
What is the two main body regions in the Human Body?
Axial & Appendicular Region.
Axial Region:
Head, Spinal cord, Forms the main vertical axis of the body
Appendicular Region:
Composed of the Upper & Lower limbs
Attached to Axial Region.
What are the two types of Cavities, and what are they?
-Posterior Aspect= Contains cavities that is completely encases the organs in bone.
-Ventral Cavity: Does not encase organs in bone. (Large)
What are the two enclosed Cavities in the Posterior Aspect?
Cranial Cavity: Bone encasing the brain.
-Veterbral Cavity: Spinal Column bones.
What two Cavities are in the Ventral Cavity
-Thoracic & Abdominopelvic cavity.
What is the two layer membrane found in the Ventral Cavities?
Serous Membrane
What are the two layers in the Serous Membrane called?
Parietal= Outer membrane
Visceral: Inner Membrane
What is the Serous Cavity?
The space in between the two membranes.
What fluid is contained in the Serous Cavity?
The Serous Fluid (Serves as a lubricate for organs brushing against eachother).
What does the Thoracic Cavity contain?
Mediastinum, The Pericardium, The pleura
What is the Mediastinum?
Medium space between the lungs (Posterior)
What is the Serous Pericardium? What does it contain (Membrane, cavity)
The Sac of the heart
Contains Visceral & Parietal Pericardium,
Pericardium Cavity.
What is the Pleura and what does it contain (membrane & cavity)
-Two serous layer membrane of the lungs
-Pleura visceral, parietal & cavity.
What is the Abdominopelvic Cavity
-Contains the cavity of the abdominal & pelvic region.
What Serous membrane lines the Abdominopelvic Cavity?
Peritoneum (two layer)
Visceral & Parietal, and Caivty
What does Homeostasis do?
Keep internal conditions stable.
What are the steps Homeostasis does to maintain its conditions.
-Stimulus changes
-Receptor: Recieves info and gives it to the…
Control Center: Sees the change and sents action to the…
Effector: Changes the Stimulus
Homeostasis restored.
What are the two ways Homeostatic Systems are Regulated?
Negative and Postive Feedback
What is Negative Feedback
Action does the opposite of the Stimulus until it reaches the set point.
What is a Set point in N.F.
Normal Value, point
What is Positive Feedback
Increases the stimuli until reaches Climatic Event.
What happens when there is a Homeostatic Imbalance?
Can happen when the variable is normally controlled by the negative feedback but is instead controlled by positive feedback.
