CH.1 The Sciences of Anatomy & Physiology

Question 1

What is Anatomy?

Answer 1

Study of Structure and Form.

Question 2

What is Physiology?

Answer 2

Study of body part functions.

Example: Heart pumps blood throughout the body.

Question 3

How is Scientific Method used for Anatomy & Physiology

Answer 3

Used to explain and understand the workings of the body.

Question 4

What are the steps of the Scientific Method?

Answer 4

a. Examine natural events through observation.

b. Develop a Hypothesis.

c. Experiment & test Hypothesis through collection of Data.

d. Determine if data supports or rejects Hypothesis.

Example: Using Scientific Method to explain how blood circulates through the body.

Question 5

What is Microscopic Anatomy?

Answer 5

Examines structures that cannot be seen by the unaided eye.

Question 6

What are the two main divisions of Microscopic Anatomy?

Answer 6

a. Cellular Anatomy: Study of body cells and their structure.

b. Histology: Study of tissues.

Question 7

What is Gross Anatomy?

Answer 7

Investigates the structure and relationship of visible body parts.

Question 8

What are the main divisions of Gross Anatomy? (4)

Answer 8

a. Systemic Anatomy: Studies anatomy of each functional body system.

b. Regional Anatomy: Examines all structures in a particular region as a complete unit.

c. Surface Anatomy: Focuses on superficial anatomical markings and internal body structures.

d. Comparative Anatomy: Examines similarities and differences in different species’ anatomy.

Question 9

What is Systemic Anatomy?

Answer 9

Studies anatomy of each functional body system.

Example: Studying the Urinary System including kidneys and organs that transport and store urine.

Question 10

What is Regional Anatomy?

Answer 10

Examines all structures in a particular region as a complete unit.

Example: Examining the structures of the abdomen as a whole.

Question 11

What is Surface Anatomy?

Answer 11

Focuses on superficial anatomical markings and internal body structures that relate to the skin covering them.

Example: Healthcare providers use surface landmarks to identify important locations on the body.

Question 12

What is Comparative Anatomy?

Answer 12

Examines similarities and differences in different species’ anatomy.

Example: Comparing limb structure in humans, chimps, and dogs.

Question 13

What is Embryology?

Answer 13

Concerns with developmental changes from conception to birth.

Question 14

What does Pathologic Anatomy examine?

Answer 14

Examines anatomical changes resulting from disease, including both gross anatomy and microscopic structures.

Question 15

What is Radiographic Anatomy?

Answer 15

Investigates the relationships in internal structures visualized by radiography (x-ray), ultrasound, and MR imaging.

Question 16

What is the focus of Physiology?

Answer 16

Details the function of body structures.

Question 17

What does Cardiovascular Physiology study?

Answer 17

Function of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

Question 18

What is the focus of Neurophysiology?

Answer 18

Examines how nerve impulses are propagated throughout the nervous system.

Question 19

What does Respiratory Physiology study?

Answer 19

Studies how respiratory gases are transferred by gas exchange between lungs and blood vessels.

Question 20

What is the focus of Reproductive Physiology?

Answer 20

Regulation of reproductive hormones that drive the reproductive cycle and influence sex cell production.

Question 21

What does Pathophysiology investigate?

Answer 21

Investigates the relationship between organ systems and disease/injury to that system.

Question 22

Why is it important to understand both Anatomy and Physiology?

Answer 22

You can’t understand function without knowing the structure.

Question 23

What are the levels of organization in the body?

Answer 23

Molecule → Organelle → Cell → Organ → Organ System → Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biosphere.

Question 24

What are the Several Properties that make Organisms considered as Living(6)

Answer 24

Organization, Metabolism, Growth & Development, Responsiveness, Regulation, Reproudction.

Question 25

What is metabolism?

Answer 25

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body, releasing energy.

Question 26

What is catabolism?

Answer 26

The process of larger molecules being broken into smaller ones.

Question 27

What is anabolism?

Answer 27

The process of small molecules joining to form larger molecules.

Question 28

What is growth and development?

Answer 28

During their lifetime, organisms increase in size (growth) and undergo more complex development.

Question 29

What is the purpose of responsiveness in organisms?

Answer 29

To detect and react to stimuli, such as feeling hot and responding to avoid damage.

Question 30

What is regulation in the context of organisms?

Answer 30

The ability to maintain internal body functions in response to environmental changes (homeostasis).

Question 31

What is reproduction in organisms?

Answer 31

All organisms produce new cells for growth, maintenance, and repair.

Question 32

What is the organization of matter from simple to complex?

Answer 32

Atom → Molecule → Macromolecule → Organism.

Question 33

What must all organisms exchange to remain alive and healthy?

Answer 33

Nutrients, wastes, and gases with their environment.

Question 34

What is the Supine Position?

Answer 34

Laying down, face up. ## Footnote Example: 'Heart is superior to the stomach' is no longer true because of position.

Question 35

What is the Anatomical Position?

Answer 35

Standing upright with feet parallel and flat on the floor, upper limbs at sides of the body, palms facing anteriorly.

Question 36

What are sections or planes in anatomy?

Answer 36

Real or imaginary 'slices' of the body used to examine internal anatomy.

Question 37

What is the Midsagittal Plane?

Answer 37

A vertical plane that divides the body or organ into equal left and right halves.

Question 38

What does the Coronal Plane do?

Answer 38

Divides the body or organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.

Question 39

What is the Transverse Plane?

Answer 39

Divides the body or organ into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) parts.

Question 40

What is a Parasagittal Plane?

Answer 40

A vertical plane that divides a structure into unequal/slanted left and right parts.

Question 41

What are Oblique Planes?

Answer 41

Planes that pass through a structure at an angle.

Question 42

What is the two main body regions in the Human Body?

Answer 42

Axial & Appendicular Region.

Question 43

Axial Region:

Answer 43

Head, Spinal cord, Forms the main vertical axis of the body

Question 44

Appendicular Region:

Answer 44

Composed of the Upper & Lower limbs Attached to Axial Region.

Question 45

What are the two types of Cavities, and what are they?

Answer 45

-Posterior Aspect= Contains cavities that is completely encases the organs in bone. -Ventral Cavity: Does not encase organs in bone. (Large)

Question 46

What are the two enclosed Cavities in the Posterior Aspect?

Answer 46

Cranial Cavity: Bone encasing the brain. -Veterbral Cavity: Spinal Column bones.

Question 47

What two Cavities are in the Ventral Cavity

Answer 47

-Thoracic & Abdominopelvic cavity.

Question 48

What is the two layer membrane found in the Ventral Cavities?

Answer 48

Serous Membrane

Question 49

What are the two layers in the Serous Membrane called?

Answer 49

Parietal= Outer membrane Visceral: Inner Membrane

Question 50

What is the Serous Cavity?

Answer 50

The space in between the two membranes.

Question 51

What fluid is contained in the Serous Cavity?

Answer 51

The Serous Fluid (Serves as a lubricate for organs brushing against eachother).

Question 52

What does the Thoracic Cavity contain?

Answer 52

Mediastinum, The Pericardium, The pleura

Question 53

What is the Mediastinum?

Answer 53

Medium space between the lungs (Posterior)

Question 54

What is the Serous Pericardium? What does it contain (Membrane, cavity)

Answer 54

The Sac of the heart Contains Visceral & Parietal Pericardium, Pericardium Cavity.

Question 55

What is the Pleura and what does it contain (membrane & cavity)

Answer 55

-Two serous layer membrane of the lungs -Pleura visceral, parietal & cavity.

Question 56

What is the Abdominopelvic Cavity

Answer 56

-Contains the cavity of the abdominal & pelvic region.

Question 57

What Serous membrane lines the Abdominopelvic Cavity?

Answer 57

Peritoneum (two layer) Visceral & Parietal, and Caivty

Question 58

What does Homeostasis do?

Answer 58

Keep internal conditions stable.

Question 59

What are the steps Homeostasis does to maintain its conditions.

Answer 59

-Stimulus changes -Receptor: Recieves info and gives it to the... Control Center: Sees the change and sents action to the... Effector: Changes the Stimulus Homeostasis restored.

Question 60

What are the two ways Homeostatic Systems are Regulated?

Answer 60

Negative and Postive Feedback

Question 61

What is Negative Feedback

Answer 61

Action does the opposite of the Stimulus until it reaches the set point.

Question 62

What is a Set point in N.F.

Answer 62

Normal Value, point

Question 63

What is Positive Feedback

Answer 63

Increases the stimuli until reaches Climatic Event.

Question 64

What happens when there is a Homeostatic Imbalance?

Answer 64

Can happen when the variable is normally controlled by the negative feedback but is instead controlled by positive feedback.