Ch1. Schock Flashcards
- Which of the following is defined as “the amount of blood returning from the body and entering
the heart”?
a. Cardiac output
b. Ventricular preload
c. Myocardial contractility
d. Ventricular afterload
b. Ventricular preload
- The following shock is described as “microcirculatory failure occurring when vasomotor tone is
lost”
a. Cardiogenic
b. Distributive
c. Hypovolemic
b. Distributive
- Which of the following is released from the posterior pituitary gland in response to decreased
plasma volume and increased plasma osmolality, is a potent vasoconstrictor, and stimulates
increased water reabsorption in the renal collecting ducts?
a. ADH
b. Renin
c. Aldosterone
d. Angiotensin II
a. ADH
- An intravenous infusion of HSS will expand the intravascular space by approximately _the
amount infused, pulling fluid from the intracellular and interstitial spaces.
a. 3x
b. 2x
c. 1x
d. None**
b. 2x
- In an adult horse, the circulating blood volume is estimated to be ___% to ___% of the total
body weight.
a. 3-5%
b. 5-7%
c. 7-9%
d. 9-11%
c. 7-9%
Which of the following is correct regarding the use of colloids fluids?
a) They are solutions containing large molecules that due their size and charge are mainly maintained within the vascular volume, they also exert an oncotic pressure that opposes the hydrostatic pressure.
b) are solutions that contain a concentration of 7.2% ( approximately 8 times the plasma tonicity)
c) Its electrolyte composition is designed to closely approximate the electrolyte composition of the extra cellular fluid and not the daily replacement fluids.
d) is the ideal replacement fluid in patients with hypovolemic shock, as a result of severe blood loss. It provides clotting factors and prevents dilutional coagulopathy
a) They are solutions containing large molecules that due their size and charge are mainly maintained within the vascular volume, they also exert an oncotic pressure that opposes the hydrostatic pressure.
Which is the following is correct regarding anabolic period in the physiologic response to trauma.
a) It occurs during the first several hours after an injury
b) Is characterized by the return to homeostasis. Cortisol levels fall and normalization of physiology occurs.
c) Is triggered by many of the same inflammatory mediators of shock
d) Is characterized by hypovolemia and low flow or perfusion to the injured site.
b) Is characterized by the return to homeostasis. Cortisol levels fall and normalization of physiology occurs.
Which of the following is true regarding cardiac output measurement in horses?
a) Pulmonary thermodilution is the gold standard for CO monitoring, which requires catheterization of the pulmonary artery and is commonly used in equine clinical settings.
b) Injection of Lithium dye into the venous system results in a lithium concentration-time curve which is used to calculate CO, is also a very hard technique to perform with no validation in the equine setting.
c) Ultrasound velocity dilution has been described in foals and it use a bolus injection of saline and an arteriovenous loop connected to ultrasound velocity sensors. This technique is not yet validated in horses but is commonly used in humans.
c) Ultrasound velocity dilution has been described in foals and it use a bolus injection of saline and an arteriovenous loop connected to ultrasound velocity sensors. This technique is not yet validated in horses but is commonly used in humans.
4) which of the following is true regarding monitoring the equine patient
a) Capillary refill time is not affected by vascular permeability commonly observed during endotoxemia or sepsis.
b) Central venous pressure assess pulmonic function, blood volume, and vascular resistance. Jugular fill is an accurate technique to assess the venous return.
c) Urine output is a sensitive indicator of hypovolemia with normal urine production of 4ml/kg/hr. Production of less than 0.5ml/kg/h suggest a significant volume depletion and fluid therapy is indicated to prevent renal ischemia.
d) Arterial blood is are reflection of CO and total vascular resistance. Measurement of normal blood pressure does not directly correlate with adequate perfusion and oxygen delivery to the peripheral tissues.
d) Arterial blood is are reflection of CO and total vascular resistance. Measurement of normal blood pressure does not directly correlate with adequate perfusion and oxygen delivery to the peripheral tissues.
5) Which of the following is correct regarding moderate hypotension /shock class II-III?
a) extremity temperatures are cool, mentation is agitated to lethargy, urine output is decreased, Tachycardia, tachypnea are present, blood lactate is increased.
b) Extremity temperatures are normal, mentation is normal, urine output is decreased, heart rate and respiratory rate are normal, blood lactate is mildly increased.
c) Extremity temperature is cool to cold, mentation is obtunded, anuria is present, severe tachycardia and tachypnea is present, blood lactate is markedly increased.
a) extremity temperatures are cool, mentation is agitated to lethargy, urine output is decreased, Tachycardia, tachypnea are present, blood lactate is increased.
