CH1: Models Flashcards
What is a learning theory?
Addiction is learned through cues and powerful reinforcers (positive or negative). Either operant or classic or incentive-sensitization.
What is Operant Conditioning?
Addiction stems from positive or negative reinforcements, and affects frequency.
What is Classic Conditioning?
Associative learning, neutral stimuli associated with powerful reinforcer (the drug)
What is incentive-sensitization?
Repeated self-administration results in neuroadaptation.
What are drive theories?
Addiction involves powerful drives underpinned by homeostatic mechanisms
What is the homeostatic mechanism?
Automatic process = heightened motivational state = more energy = damaging behavior to reduce energy = behavior pattern = satiation
What is the Inhibition Dysfunction Theory?
Impaired control resulting in addictions involving impairment of mechanisms needing to control the impulse.
What is imitation theory?
Addiction involves, or begins with, imitation of behavioral pattern creating one’s own identity. (Bandura)
What is a reflective choice theory?
Addicts choose to engage in the addictive behavior, hence recovery is to chose not to engage. Choice can be rational or biased
What is the Rational Choice Theory?
Individuals weigh the alternatives and decides
What are Biased Choice Theory?
Addiction arises from the influence of emotions and other biases.
What is the unstable preference theory?
Utilities can vary as a function of time and circumstances, so it is not a product of reasoned evaluation.
What is temporal discounting models?
The process of decision making where there is a tendency to assign greater utilities to events that are nearer in time. More utilities in present than future.
What is cognitive bias?
Information-processing bias where there is a positive reaction and tendency to seek addiction.
What is affect heuristic?
Positive or negative feelings influencing ones judgement
What is gateway theory?
Exposure to one form of an activity changes the preference for more extreme or damaging forms.
What is a goal focused theory?
Addiction arises out of pleasure seeking or avoidance of distress and discomfort.
What is the acquired need theory?
Addiction involves the development of physiological needs, resulting in addictive behaviors which are met by addictive behaviors. (user takes drug due to positive effects, makes it a habit, then escalates to use the drug for the withdrawal symptoms)
What is the pre-existing need theory?
Addiction involves engaging in behaviors that meet important pre-existing needs (self-medication)
What is an identity theory?
Addiction arises from aspects of one’s self-identity
What are the process of change theories?
Initial enactment of addiction, the development, and attempt at recovery involves different processes which can be delineated and influenced by different interventions.
What is the cognitive dissonance theory?
Festinger 1975.
Psychological tension is created when an individuals behavior is inconsistent with their thoughts and beliefs. This motivates the individual to change their attitude to produce consistency
What is the elaboration likelihood theory?
Attitudes change according to coherent sets of beliefs. (soda drinker)
What is the transtheoretical model?
- Precontemplation (No)
- Contemplation (Maybe)
- Preparation (Plans)
- Action (Do)
- Maintenance (Keep Going)
What is the relapse prevention model?
Marlatt and Gordon.
Examines how immediate determinants (high risk situations, coping skills, expectancies) and covert (cravings) antecedents contribute to replace.
What is the relapse prevention model abstinence violation effect?
Attributes internal, stable, global causes to relapse. Relapse = undermines their self-efficacy = full blown relapses
What is the biological model lof addiction?
Addiction is primarily a brain disease in which neural pathways of executive function becomes disordered and motivational processes become amplified (interaction between behavior and effect)
What is the biopsychosocial model?
Addiction is a biopsychosocial process, not restricted to drug-ingestion. You must identify motivations.
What is the moral model of addiction?
The individual is responsible for their addiction, hence the individual is responsible for their recovery
What is the enlightenment model?
Individual is responsible for addiction, but a spiritual power is needed for recovery
What is the medical model?
Biological predisposition is responsible for the addiction, hence a reversal medical approach is needed
What is the biopsychosocial model?
Multiple risk and protective factors are responsible for addiction. But its up to the individual to recover.
