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Immunology Dana Dean Baylor > Ch1 flashcards > Flashcards

Ch1 flashcards

1
Q

immune system

A

a collection of cells and macromolecules that defend the body against infection and diseases.

The immune system defends the body from infection and diseased caused by bacteria, fungi and parasites. The immune system usually wins and immunity is established when all branches of the immune system are implemented. New organisms establish infection by taking advantage of the lack of immunity in the human population. Because of this, vaccines are made to help teach the immune system how to establish an immune response before the microorganism meets the body.

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2
Q

commensal organisms

A

the good microbiota in the body. Make up 10lbs of body weight and live on the skin, in the gut and vagina

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3
Q

pathogens

A

organisms that cause disease

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4
Q

opportunistic pathogens

A

don’t cause disease unless person is immunocompromised.

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5
Q

mucosal surfaces

A

lined by epithelium
have watertight seals between cells
coated by mucus and wet
mucosal surfaces are slimy and bad microorganisms hate slimy.

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6
Q

where are mucosal surfaces

A
  1. gastrointestinal tract
  2. urinary tract
  3. respiratory tract
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7
Q

what happens when the physical barrier is breached?

A

the immune response is activated (inflammation)

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8
Q

what are the 3 immune responses

A

immediate innate
induced innate
adaptive

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9
Q

the innate immune response (general)

A

innate immune response happens almost immediately (0-4 days). when they respond we are usually not aware anything happened. The cells that live in the tissue circulate in the blood and the pre-formed blood components are from the liver (plasma proteins are in the liver). they are fixed

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10
Q

the adaptive immune system (general)

A

The adaptive immune response takes days to weeks. It occurs if the innate response fails/ takes too long. special immune responders come from the lymphoid organs and circulate in the blood. they take days/ weeks to respond. They gain memory of how to fight the disease for future protection. they are variable

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11
Q

what are the cells in the innate immune system and where do they live

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Macrophages, Monocytes, Dendritic cells. they live in the tissues and blood

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12
Q

in what system do the cells present antigens to the adaptive immune cells

A

innate immune system

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13
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the innate immune system

A

induced and immediate

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14
Q

what immune response recognizes specific amino acid sequences of antigens

A

adaptive immune system

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15
Q

what are adaptive immune cells and where do they live

A

B and T cells, lymphoid tissues

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16
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the adaptive immune system

A

humoral and cell mediated immunity

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17
Q

how long does it take for the immediate and induced immune response to activate

A

immediate (0-4 hours)
induced(4 hrs- 4 days)

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18
Q

how are organisms and depris tagged in the innate immune system?

A

Soluble factors label organisms/debris so that innate cells can identify organisms for phagocytosis, destruction, presentation to adaptive cells

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19
Q

how are lymphocytes selected by a pathogen?

A

progenitor cells make a bunch of specialized lymphocytes. Some of them recognize the pathogen (clonal selection) and proliferate

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20
Q

sites of hematopoiesis in human development

A

yolk sac
fetal liver and spleen
bone marrow

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21
Q

where is bone marrow located in adults

A

only in axial skeleton

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22
Q

monocytes

A

big ass wbc
bean nucleus- no granules
differentiate into macrophages in tissues
originate in bone marrow
circulates in blood

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23
Q

macrophage

A

mature immune cells
live in CT of all organs
housekeepers
phagocytosize and kill them fugly foreign materials in cells

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24
Q

4 different types of macrophages

A

giant cell- fused macrophages; tuberculosis
kupffer- in the liver
microglia- in da brain
osteoclasts- calcium regulation, eat away at bone to provide calcium to body

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25
Q

how do macrophages recognize pathogens

A

there are receptors on the cell surface used to recognize pathogens to increase phagocytosis and activate cytokine secretion

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26
Q

Name the APCs

A

macrophages, dendritic cells, b-cells

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27
Q

dendritic cells

A

derived in bone marrrow
found in organs
professional APCs
ex: langerhans cells
a dentritic cell activates T cells so that the adaptive immune response can be initiated.

28
Q

Neutrophil

A

polymorphonuclear cell-PMN
granulocyte
most abundant WBC
have a short life span 1-4 days
Chemotactic to dead tissues, foreign material, bacteria, and
complement components
they swarm ugly microorganisms and shank them

29
Q

how do neutrophils fight infection

A

Neutrophils are stored in the bone marrow and move in large numbers to infected tissue. neutrophils die and are degraded by macrophages

30
Q

eosinophil

A

Eosinophils are granulocytes that are responsible for the parasites. they are alcoholic deadbeat dads now and like to cause problems like asthma and allergic reactions.
bright red granules
lung nucleus
Fc receptors bind IgE antibody

31
Q

basophils

A

granulocytes
it releases it’s bombs and it makes the mucus flow and the muscles contract to help expel parasites
Fc receptor binds IgE antibody=hypersensitivity rxn
1% of WBC
granules stain blue
heparine and histamine like mast cells
eosinophil chemotactic factor

32
Q

mast cells

A

only in tissues- lives in ct of organs near blood vessels
causes hives and anaphylactic reactions
Fc receptors bind IgE
granules have histamine-contracts smooth muscle etc. and heparin- anticoagulant

33
Q

natural killer cell

A

kills virus and cancer cells
they do antiviral stuff before the cd8 cell comes in and does stuff
circulate the blood and enter tissues
part of the innate lymphoid lineage

34
Q

lymphocytes are

A

b and t cells and part of the adaptive immune response

35
Q

small lymphocyte

A

b-cells make antibodies and t cells help b cells and kill infected cells
thick nucleus
lonnggg ass lifespans

36
Q

where are t cells found

A

thymus

37
Q

immature t-cells

A

bonemarrow-> thymus

38
Q

mature t cells

A

enter circulation and populate secondary lymphoid tissue

39
Q

helper t cells

A

Help activate other effector cells to orchestrate specific immune responses

40
Q

cytotoxic t cells

A

Directly target virally-infected, malignant, or foreign (transplant) cells
toxic fuckers wanna go on a murder spree but they are chaotic good so they go for the bad cells

41
Q

regulatory t cells

A

suppress the immune system

mfs are the buzzkills

42
Q

CD3

A

all t cells

43
Q

cd 4

A

helper and regulatory t-cells

cd wild 4 housing opposites

44
Q

cd8

A

cytotoxic t-cells and NK cells

cytotoxic t-cells and NK cells ATE (8) them evil foreigners

45
Q

CD 20

A

b-cells

I’m 20 bb :P

46
Q

CD25

A

regulatory t-cells

We become buzzkills at 25

47
Q

CD 45

A

all Leukocytes

48
Q

CD56

A

NK cells

everyone naturally murdering at 56

49
Q

b-cells

A

originate/develop in bone marrow
go to secondary lymphoid organs
differentiate into plasma cells in secondary lymphoid organs
produce antibodies
b-cells=ball of cells (form lymphoid follicles)

50
Q

plasma cell

A

secrete antibody to one specific antigen
off center nucleus looks pregnant WHOREEEE
found in saliva, tears, and milk
has different antibody isotypes

51
Q

What are the different antibody isotypes

A

IgG- most common( a basic bitch)
IgE- associated with allergies, parasites, anaphylaxis
IgA- Found in gut and in secretions (mucous, milk, saliva, tears)
IgM- first antibody attempt
IgD- bcell antigen receptor

52
Q

the earliest isotypes of antibody formed are

A

IgM and IgD

53
Q

how to B-cells and T-cells recognize antigens

A

through a membrane-bound receptors

54
Q

antigen

A

what a B-cell or T-cell “recognizes” through its receptors

55
Q

b-cell structure

A

y shaped

56
Q

t-cell structure

A

straight

57
Q

introductions of the antibody are made by

A

mch1 and mch 2

58
Q

what are mch1 and mch2

A

membrane-bound glycoproteins

59
Q

all nucleated cells have what

A

MCH1

60
Q

only professional APCs

A

have MCH2

61
Q

how do apcs interact with MHCs

A

APC engulfs some material, digests it, glues it to the MHC molecule, then expresses it on its surface

62
Q

what is the foolproof formula

A

T-cell x MHC=8

63
Q

primary lymphoid organs

A

have progenitor cells
immature lymphocytes
bone marrow
thymus

64
Q

secondary lymphoid organs

A

lymphocytes proliferate
maintain and house mature lymphocytes
Site of antigen stimulation/activation
lymphnode
spleen
MALT-tonsils, adenoids
GALT-Peyer’s patches, etc.
BALT-respiratory system

65
Q

2ndary lymphoid organ lymphnode

A

immunologic filter of Lymph
ALL lymph filtered by at least ONE LN
Site of maturation/antigenic stimulation for B-cells
Site of T-cell antigenic stimulation
Trap metastatic cells

66
Q

spleen

A

immunologic filter of BLOOD
Remove damaged erythrocytes (RBCs) ❖Reclaim iron from damaged RCBs
NOT essential for life=can remove if trauma

Immunology Dana Dean Baylor (5 decks)

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