Ch1 flashcards
immune system
a collection of cells and macromolecules that defend the body against infection and diseases.
The immune system defends the body from infection and diseased caused by bacteria, fungi and parasites. The immune system usually wins and immunity is established when all branches of the immune system are implemented. New organisms establish infection by taking advantage of the lack of immunity in the human population. Because of this, vaccines are made to help teach the immune system how to establish an immune response before the microorganism meets the body.
commensal organisms
the good microbiota in the body. Make up 10lbs of body weight and live on the skin, in the gut and vagina
pathogens
organisms that cause disease
opportunistic pathogens
don’t cause disease unless person is immunocompromised.
mucosal surfaces
lined by epithelium
have watertight seals between cells
coated by mucus and wet
mucosal surfaces are slimy and bad microorganisms hate slimy.
where are mucosal surfaces
- gastrointestinal tract
- urinary tract
- respiratory tract
what happens when the physical barrier is breached?
the immune response is activated (inflammation)
what are the 3 immune responses
immediate innate
induced innate
adaptive
the innate immune response (general)
innate immune response happens almost immediately (0-4 days). when they respond we are usually not aware anything happened. The cells that live in the tissue circulate in the blood and the pre-formed blood components are from the liver (plasma proteins are in the liver). they are fixed
the adaptive immune system (general)
The adaptive immune response takes days to weeks. It occurs if the innate response fails/ takes too long. special immune responders come from the lymphoid organs and circulate in the blood. they take days/ weeks to respond. They gain memory of how to fight the disease for future protection. they are variable
what are the cells in the innate immune system and where do they live
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Macrophages, Monocytes, Dendritic cells. they live in the tissues and blood
in what system do the cells present antigens to the adaptive immune cells
innate immune system
what are the 2 divisions of the innate immune system
induced and immediate
what immune response recognizes specific amino acid sequences of antigens
adaptive immune system
what are adaptive immune cells and where do they live
B and T cells, lymphoid tissues
what are the 2 divisions of the adaptive immune system
humoral and cell mediated immunity
how long does it take for the immediate and induced immune response to activate
immediate (0-4 hours)
induced(4 hrs- 4 days)
how are organisms and depris tagged in the innate immune system?
Soluble factors label organisms/debris so that innate cells can identify organisms for phagocytosis, destruction, presentation to adaptive cells
how are lymphocytes selected by a pathogen?
progenitor cells make a bunch of specialized lymphocytes. Some of them recognize the pathogen (clonal selection) and proliferate
sites of hematopoiesis in human development
yolk sac
fetal liver and spleen
bone marrow
where is bone marrow located in adults
only in axial skeleton
monocytes
big ass wbc
bean nucleus- no granules
differentiate into macrophages in tissues
originate in bone marrow
circulates in blood
macrophage
mature immune cells
live in CT of all organs
housekeepers
phagocytosize and kill them fugly foreign materials in cells
4 different types of macrophages
giant cell- fused macrophages; tuberculosis
kupffer- in the liver
microglia- in da brain
osteoclasts- calcium regulation, eat away at bone to provide calcium to body
how do macrophages recognize pathogens
there are receptors on the cell surface used to recognize pathogens to increase phagocytosis and activate cytokine secretion
Name the APCs
macrophages, dendritic cells, b-cells
dendritic cells
derived in bone marrrow
found in organs
professional APCs
ex: langerhans cells
a dentritic cell activates T cells so that the adaptive immune response can be initiated.
Neutrophil
polymorphonuclear cell-PMN
granulocyte
most abundant WBC
have a short life span 1-4 days
Chemotactic to dead tissues, foreign material, bacteria, and
complement components
they swarm ugly microorganisms and shank them
how do neutrophils fight infection
Neutrophils are stored in the bone marrow and move in large numbers to infected tissue. neutrophils die and are degraded by macrophages
eosinophil
Eosinophils are granulocytes that are responsible for the parasites. they are alcoholic deadbeat dads now and like to cause problems like asthma and allergic reactions.
bright red granules
lung nucleus
Fc receptors bind IgE antibody
basophils
granulocytes
it releases it’s bombs and it makes the mucus flow and the muscles contract to help expel parasites
Fc receptor binds IgE antibody=hypersensitivity rxn
1% of WBC
granules stain blue
heparine and histamine like mast cells
eosinophil chemotactic factor
mast cells
only in tissues- lives in ct of organs near blood vessels
causes hives and anaphylactic reactions
Fc receptors bind IgE
granules have histamine-contracts smooth muscle etc. and heparin- anticoagulant
natural killer cell
kills virus and cancer cells
they do antiviral stuff before the cd8 cell comes in and does stuff
circulate the blood and enter tissues
part of the innate lymphoid lineage
lymphocytes are
b and t cells and part of the adaptive immune response
small lymphocyte
b-cells make antibodies and t cells help b cells and kill infected cells
thick nucleus
lonnggg ass lifespans
where are t cells found
thymus
immature t-cells
bonemarrow-> thymus
mature t cells
enter circulation and populate secondary lymphoid tissue
helper t cells
Help activate other effector cells to orchestrate specific immune responses
cytotoxic t cells
Directly target virally-infected, malignant, or foreign (transplant) cells
toxic fuckers wanna go on a murder spree but they are chaotic good so they go for the bad cells
regulatory t cells
suppress the immune system
mfs are the buzzkills
CD3
all t cells
cd 4
helper and regulatory t-cells
cd wild 4 housing opposites
cd8
cytotoxic t-cells and NK cells
cytotoxic t-cells and NK cells ATE (8) them evil foreigners
CD 20
b-cells
I’m 20 bb :P
CD25
regulatory t-cells
We become buzzkills at 25
CD 45
all Leukocytes
CD56
NK cells
everyone naturally murdering at 56
b-cells
originate/develop in bone marrow
go to secondary lymphoid organs
differentiate into plasma cells in secondary lymphoid organs
produce antibodies
b-cells=ball of cells (form lymphoid follicles)
plasma cell
secrete antibody to one specific antigen
off center nucleus looks pregnant WHOREEEE
found in saliva, tears, and milk
has different antibody isotypes
What are the different antibody isotypes
IgG- most common( a basic bitch)
IgE- associated with allergies, parasites, anaphylaxis
IgA- Found in gut and in secretions (mucous, milk, saliva, tears)
IgM- first antibody attempt
IgD- bcell antigen receptor
the earliest isotypes of antibody formed are
IgM and IgD
how to B-cells and T-cells recognize antigens
through a membrane-bound receptors
antigen
what a B-cell or T-cell “recognizes” through its receptors
b-cell structure
y shaped
t-cell structure
straight
introductions of the antibody are made by
mch1 and mch 2
what are mch1 and mch2
membrane-bound glycoproteins
all nucleated cells have what
MCH1
only professional APCs
have MCH2
how do apcs interact with MHCs
APC engulfs some material, digests it, glues it to the MHC molecule, then expresses it on its surface
what is the foolproof formula
T-cell x MHC=8
primary lymphoid organs
have progenitor cells
immature lymphocytes
bone marrow
thymus
secondary lymphoid organs
lymphocytes proliferate
maintain and house mature lymphocytes
Site of antigen stimulation/activation
lymphnode
spleen
MALT-tonsils, adenoids
GALT-Peyer’s patches, etc.
BALT-respiratory system
2ndary lymphoid organ lymphnode
immunologic filter of Lymph
ALL lymph filtered by at least ONE LN
Site of maturation/antigenic stimulation for B-cells
Site of T-cell antigenic stimulation
Trap metastatic cells
spleen
immunologic filter of BLOOD
Remove damaged erythrocytes (RBCs) ❖Reclaim iron from damaged RCBs
NOT essential for life=can remove if trauma
