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Immunology Dana Dean Baylor > Ch1 flashcards > Flashcards

Ch1 flashcards

1
Q

immune system

A

a collection of cells and macromolecules that defend the body against infection and diseases.

The immune system defends the body from infection and diseased caused by bacteria, fungi and parasites. The immune system usually wins and immunity is established when all branches of the immune system are implemented. New organisms establish infection by taking advantage of the lack of immunity in the human population. Because of this, vaccines are made to help teach the immune system how to establish an immune response before the microorganism meets the body.

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2
Q

commensal organisms

A

the good microbiota in the body. Make up 10lbs of body weight and live on the skin, in the gut and vagina

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3
Q

pathogens

A

organisms that cause disease

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4
Q

opportunistic pathogens

A

don’t cause disease unless person is immunocompromised.

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5
Q

mucosal surfaces

A

lined by epithelium
have watertight seals between cells
coated by mucus and wet
mucosal surfaces are slimy and bad microorganisms hate slimy.

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6
Q

where are mucosal surfaces

A
  1. gastrointestinal tract
  2. urinary tract
  3. respiratory tract
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7
Q

what happens when the physical barrier is breached?

A

the immune response is activated (inflammation)

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8
Q

what are the 3 immune responses

A

immediate innate
induced innate
adaptive

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9
Q

the innate immune response (general)

A

innate immune response happens almost immediately (0-4 days). when they respond we are usually not aware anything happened. The cells that live in the tissue circulate in the blood and the pre-formed blood components are from the liver (plasma proteins are in the liver). they are fixed

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10
Q

the adaptive immune system (general)

A

The adaptive immune response takes days to weeks. It occurs if the innate response fails/ takes too long. special immune responders come from the lymphoid organs and circulate in the blood. they take days/ weeks to respond. They gain memory of how to fight the disease for future protection. they are variable

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11
Q

what are the cells in the innate immune system and where do they live

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Macrophages, Monocytes, Dendritic cells. they live in the tissues and blood

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12
Q

in what system do the cells present antigens to the adaptive immune cells

A

innate immune system

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13
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the innate immune system

A

induced and immediate

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14
Q

what immune response recognizes specific amino acid sequences of antigens

A

adaptive immune system

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15
Q

what are adaptive immune cells and where do they live

A

B and T cells, lymphoid tissues

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16
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the adaptive immune system

A

humoral and cell mediated immunity

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17
Q

how long does it take for the immediate and induced immune response to activate

A

immediate (0-4 hours)
induced(4 hrs- 4 days)

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18
Q

how are organisms and depris tagged in the innate immune system?

A

Soluble factors label organisms/debris so that innate cells can identify organisms for phagocytosis, destruction, presentation to adaptive cells

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19
Q

how are lymphocytes selected by a pathogen?

A

progenitor cells make a bunch of specialized lymphocytes. Some of them recognize the pathogen (clonal selection) and proliferate

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20
Q

sites of hematopoiesis in human development

A

yolk sac
fetal liver and spleen
bone marrow

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21
Q

where is bone marrow located in adults

A

only in axial skeleton

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22
Q

monocytes

A

big ass wbc
bean nucleus- no granules
differentiate into macrophages in tissues
originate in bone marrow
circulates in blood

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23
Q

macrophage

A

mature immune cells
live in CT of all organs
housekeepers
phagocytosize and kill them fugly foreign materials in cells

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24
Q

4 different types of macrophages

A

giant cell- fused macrophages; tuberculosis
kupffer- in the liver
microglia- in da brain
osteoclasts- calcium regulation, eat away at bone to provide calcium to body

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25
how do macrophages recognize pathogens
there are receptors on the cell surface used to recognize pathogens to increase phagocytosis and activate cytokine secretion
26
Name the APCs
macrophages, dendritic cells, b-cells
27
dendritic cells
derived in bone marrrow found in organs professional APCs ex: langerhans cells a dentritic cell activates T cells so that the adaptive immune response can be initiated.
28
Neutrophil
polymorphonuclear cell-PMN granulocyte most abundant WBC have a short life span 1-4 days Chemotactic to dead tissues, foreign material, bacteria, and complement components they swarm ugly microorganisms and shank them
29
how do neutrophils fight infection
Neutrophils are stored in the bone marrow and move in large numbers to infected tissue. neutrophils die and are degraded by macrophages
30
eosinophil
Eosinophils are granulocytes that are responsible for the parasites. they are alcoholic deadbeat dads now and like to cause problems like asthma and allergic reactions. bright red granules lung nucleus Fc receptors bind IgE antibody
31
basophils
granulocytes it releases it’s bombs and it makes the mucus flow and the muscles contract to help expel parasites Fc receptor binds IgE antibody=hypersensitivity rxn 1% of WBC granules stain blue heparine and histamine like mast cells eosinophil chemotactic factor
32
mast cells
only in tissues- lives in ct of organs near blood vessels causes hives and anaphylactic reactions Fc receptors bind IgE granules have histamine-contracts smooth muscle etc. and heparin- anticoagulant
33
natural killer cell
kills virus and cancer cells they do antiviral stuff before the cd8 cell comes in and does stuff circulate the blood and enter tissues part of the innate lymphoid lineage
34
lymphocytes are
b and t cells and part of the adaptive immune response
35
small lymphocyte
b-cells make antibodies and t cells help b cells and kill infected cells thick nucleus lonnggg ass lifespans
36
where are t cells found
thymus
37
immature t-cells
bonemarrow-> thymus
38
mature t cells
enter circulation and populate secondary lymphoid tissue
39
helper t cells
Help activate other effector cells to orchestrate specific immune responses
40
cytotoxic t cells
Directly target virally-infected, malignant, or foreign (transplant) cells toxic fuckers wanna go on a murder spree but they are chaotic good so they go for the bad cells
41
regulatory t cells
suppress the immune system mfs are the buzzkills
42
CD3
all t cells
43
cd 4
helper and regulatory t-cells cd wild 4 housing opposites
44
cd8
cytotoxic t-cells and NK cells cytotoxic t-cells and NK cells ATE (8) them evil foreigners
45
CD 20
b-cells I'm 20 bb :P
46
CD25
regulatory t-cells We become buzzkills at 25
47
CD 45
all Leukocytes
48
CD56
NK cells everyone naturally murdering at 56
49
b-cells
originate/develop in bone marrow go to secondary lymphoid organs differentiate into plasma cells in secondary lymphoid organs produce antibodies b-cells=ball of cells (form lymphoid follicles)
50
plasma cell
secrete antibody to one specific antigen off center nucleus looks pregnant WHOREEEE found in saliva, tears, and milk has different antibody isotypes
51
What are the different antibody isotypes
IgG- most common( a basic bitch) IgE- associated with allergies, parasites, anaphylaxis IgA- Found in gut and in secretions (mucous, milk, saliva, tears) IgM- first antibody attempt IgD- bcell antigen receptor
52
the earliest isotypes of antibody formed are
IgM and IgD
53
how to B-cells and T-cells recognize antigens
through a membrane-bound receptors
54
antigen
what a B-cell or T-cell “recognizes” through its receptors
55
b-cell structure
y shaped
56
t-cell structure
straight
57
introductions of the antibody are made by
mch1 and mch 2
58
what are mch1 and mch2
membrane-bound glycoproteins
59
all nucleated cells have what
MCH1
60
only professional APCs
have MCH2
61
how do apcs interact with MHCs
APC engulfs some material, digests it, glues it to the MHC molecule, then expresses it on its surface
62
what is the foolproof formula
T-cell x MHC=8
63
primary lymphoid organs
have progenitor cells immature lymphocytes bone marrow thymus
64
secondary lymphoid organs
lymphocytes proliferate maintain and house mature lymphocytes Site of antigen stimulation/activation lymphnode spleen MALT-tonsils, adenoids GALT-Peyer’s patches, etc. BALT-respiratory system
65
2ndary lymphoid organ lymphnode
immunologic filter of Lymph ALL lymph filtered by at least ONE LN Site of maturation/antigenic stimulation for B-cells Site of T-cell antigenic stimulation Trap metastatic cells
66
spleen
immunologic filter of BLOOD Remove damaged erythrocytes (RBCs) ❖Reclaim iron from damaged RCBs NOT essential for life=can remove if trauma

Immunology Dana Dean Baylor (5 decks)

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