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Abnormal Psychology > Ch.1 Defining Abnormality > Flashcards

Ch.1 Defining Abnormality Flashcards

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1
Q

Clear Indicators of Abnormality

A
  1. Subjective Distress
  2. Maladaptiveness
  3. Statistical Deviation
  4. Violation of the Standards of Society
    5.Social Discomfort
  5. Irrationality
  6. Dangerousness
  7. Need for treatment
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2
Q

Subjective Distress

A

Psychological/ emotional pain

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3
Q

Maladaptiveness

A

Interference w/ wellbeing + functioning

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4
Q

Statistical Deviation

A

Statistical rareness

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5
Q

Violation of the Standards of Society

A

Failure to follow conventional social + moral rules of one’s culture group

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6
Q

Social Discomfort

A

Causing discomfort among other people

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7
Q

Irrationality + Unpredictability

A

Can they control behavior in the right contexts

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8
Q

Dangerousness

A

Could cause harm to self or others

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9
Q

Need for treatment

A

Seeks professional help

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10
Q

Most of the indicators of abnormal behavior can’t be defined or identified w/o ______-_____ __________.

A

Follow-up questions

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11
Q

__________ plays a role in determining what is/ is not normal

A

Culture

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12
Q

DSM-5

A

Diagnostic + Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (2013)

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13
Q

How does the DSM-5 define Mental Disorder?

A

Clinically significant disturbance in behavior, emotion regulation, or cognitive function associated with distress or disability

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14
Q

International Classification of Diseases (By the WHO)

A

Latest Version: ICD-II
Health providers submit diagnostic codes for insurance, referencing this.
Solely mental + behavioral disorders

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15
Q

Comorbidity

A

Patients normally w/ moderate to severe psychological disorders being present w/ more than one w/ overlapping symptoms

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16
Q

More than __________ of people w/ anxiety disorders will meet criteria for another anxiety/ OCD/ trauma related disorder in their lifetime

A

Half

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17
Q

Ideal Taxonic System

A

Yes or no, one or the other, can’t be helium and oxygen at the same time

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18
Q

Categorical Classification

A

Focuses on differences between and among disorders
Either “disordered” or not
Comorbidity gets messy; Ideal classification system means mutual exclusivity
Ease of communication + current status of DSM-5 and ICD mostly

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19
Q

Dimensional Classification

A

Focuses on similarities across disorders
Continuum of “normal” and “abnormal” emotions, conditions, behaviors.
Encourages more trans diagnostic work (common roots across anxiety + depressive disorders)
Complicates communication

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20
Q

How does categorical classification ease communication?

A

With patients, giving them a term and then explaining it
With practitioners, having a label to know what it generally means
With insurance/ 3rd parties, having a code to submit
With the legal system (maybe), having clinical vs legal terminology

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21
Q

How does dimensional classification complicate communication?

A

Gives greater flexibility for interpretation

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22
Q

Possible disadvantages of Classification?

A

Losing info due to simplification
Stigma and stereotyping
Self concept impacted (good or bad)

23
Q

Certain forms of psychopathology are highly specific to certain cultures like…

A

Taijin Kyofusho in Japan (Social anxiety… offending others rather than fear of humiliation or rejection)
Ataque de nervios in Caribbean (Panic attack… seizing is a common symptom there but not here)

24
Q

Planning, performing, and funding mental health necessary… We need _____ for change to happen.

A

Data

25
Q

Mental Health Epidemeology

A

The study of the distribution of mental disorders

26
Q

Prevalence

A

of all known active cases in a population for any given period of time

(Emphasis on known, expressed in %)

27
Q

Point Prevalence

A

Estimated proportion of actual, active cases of a disorder in a given population at a given point in time
(E.g. on July 10th, X% of Hamilton county residents had an active covid19 diagnosis)

28
Q

1 year prevalence

A

An estimate of the # of people who experienced a disease/ syndrome at any point in time throughout the year

29
Q

Lifetime prevalence

A

An estimate of the # of people who experienced a disease/ syndrome at any point in time throughout their lives

30
Q

National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R)

A

Lifetime prevalence of having any DSM-5 disorder (46.4%)
Most prevalent = anxiety disorders

31
Q

Incidence

A

of new cases in population over specified period of time

(E.g July of 2020, there were X more cases reported of XYZ disease)

32
Q

Most people delay treatment for mental illness for __________ after onset. This could be because a lack of awareness of _________ or __________ for the issue. Perhaps even ____________.

A

Years; options; name; money

33
Q

Sources of Info Gathering

A
  1. Case studies
  2. Self-report data
  3. Observational Approaches
34
Q

Case Studies

A

A specific individual is observed and described in detail over time
Could be psychological or medical

35
Q

Pros and Cons of Case Studies?

A

+: lots of closely observed data and the person’s history is familiar w/ observer
-: can’t generalize findings and researcher bias

36
Q

Self Report Data

A

Participants are asked to provide information about themselves through interviews or questionnaires

37
Q

Pros and cons of Self-Report Data

A

+: convenient for gathering info quickly, easily accessible and cheaper, reach a broad audience
-: people want to be seen in a certain way, affecting responses

38
Q

Observational Approaches

A

Collecting info based on subjects’ outward behaviors and/or biology

39
Q

Pros and Cons of Observational Approaches

A

+: flexibility, generalizability
-: ethical considerations, potential for bias

40
Q

Internal Validity

A

Extent to which a study is methodologically sound.

41
Q

External Validity

A

Generalizability; does variable XYZ change as a result of ABC in a “real world” setting for groups of different people

42
Q

The more focus on internal validity, ___________ __________ goes down. Researchers must prioritize based on the question.

A

External validity.

43
Q

Criterion group

A

People w/ disorder being studied

44
Q

Comparison/ Control Group

A

People w/o disorder but are compatible to criterion

45
Q

Correlational Research Designs

A

Studying patterns of the world as they are

46
Q

Statistical Significance

A

Probability that correlation is random chance
P<.05
More variability in smaller samples

47
Q

Effect size

A

Compares statistical significance across studies w/ different sample sizes and studies the strength of relationship

48
Q

Meta-Analysis

A

Plug and chug effect sizes of different studies
Looking at overall trends/ effect sizes across studies

49
Q

Experimental Method

A

Studying efficacy in treatment
Single case experimental designs

50
Q

To draw conclusions about causality, we must resolve questions of _________________. Scientists control all factors except ___________ _________ and actively manipulate it.

A

Directionality; Independent Variable

51
Q

I’d the dependent variables changes as the independent variables changes, it is regarded as a ______________ of the change. (Well designed study assumed)

A

Cause

52
Q

Single Case Experimental Design

A

Same individual studied over time
Behavior assessed before and after treatment and intervention with an ABAB design
Case studies are more observational

53
Q

Animal Research

A

Ethical debates exist, though there are sophisticated animal research boards that observe research

Abnormal Psychology (4 decks)

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