Ch.1 Defining Abnormality Flashcards
Clear Indicators of Abnormality
- Subjective Distress
- Maladaptiveness
- Statistical Deviation
- Violation of the Standards of Society
5.Social Discomfort - Irrationality
- Dangerousness
- Need for treatment
Subjective Distress
Psychological/ emotional pain
Maladaptiveness
Interference w/ wellbeing + functioning
Statistical Deviation
Statistical rareness
Violation of the Standards of Society
Failure to follow conventional social + moral rules of one’s culture group
Social Discomfort
Causing discomfort among other people
Irrationality + Unpredictability
Can they control behavior in the right contexts
Dangerousness
Could cause harm to self or others
Need for treatment
Seeks professional help
Most of the indicators of abnormal behavior can’t be defined or identified w/o ______-_____ __________.
Follow-up questions
__________ plays a role in determining what is/ is not normal
Culture
DSM-5
Diagnostic + Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (2013)
How does the DSM-5 define Mental Disorder?
Clinically significant disturbance in behavior, emotion regulation, or cognitive function associated with distress or disability
International Classification of Diseases (By the WHO)
Latest Version: ICD-II
Health providers submit diagnostic codes for insurance, referencing this.
Solely mental + behavioral disorders
Comorbidity
Patients normally w/ moderate to severe psychological disorders being present w/ more than one w/ overlapping symptoms
More than __________ of people w/ anxiety disorders will meet criteria for another anxiety/ OCD/ trauma related disorder in their lifetime
Half
Ideal Taxonic System
Yes or no, one or the other, can’t be helium and oxygen at the same time
Categorical Classification
Focuses on differences between and among disorders
Either “disordered” or not
Comorbidity gets messy; Ideal classification system means mutual exclusivity
Ease of communication + current status of DSM-5 and ICD mostly
Dimensional Classification
Focuses on similarities across disorders
Continuum of “normal” and “abnormal” emotions, conditions, behaviors.
Encourages more trans diagnostic work (common roots across anxiety + depressive disorders)
Complicates communication
How does categorical classification ease communication?
With patients, giving them a term and then explaining it
With practitioners, having a label to know what it generally means
With insurance/ 3rd parties, having a code to submit
With the legal system (maybe), having clinical vs legal terminology
How does dimensional classification complicate communication?
Gives greater flexibility for interpretation
Possible disadvantages of Classification?
Losing info due to simplification
Stigma and stereotyping
Self concept impacted (good or bad)
Certain forms of psychopathology are highly specific to certain cultures like…
Taijin Kyofusho in Japan (Social anxiety… offending others rather than fear of humiliation or rejection)
Ataque de nervios in Caribbean (Panic attack… seizing is a common symptom there but not here)
Planning, performing, and funding mental health necessary… We need _____ for change to happen.
Data
Mental Health Epidemeology
The study of the distribution of mental disorders
Prevalence
of all known active cases in a population for any given period of time
(Emphasis on known, expressed in %)
Point Prevalence
Estimated proportion of actual, active cases of a disorder in a given population at a given point in time
(E.g. on July 10th, X% of Hamilton county residents had an active covid19 diagnosis)
1 year prevalence
An estimate of the # of people who experienced a disease/ syndrome at any point in time throughout the year
Lifetime prevalence
An estimate of the # of people who experienced a disease/ syndrome at any point in time throughout their lives
National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R)
Lifetime prevalence of having any DSM-5 disorder (46.4%)
Most prevalent = anxiety disorders
Incidence
of new cases in population over specified period of time
(E.g July of 2020, there were X more cases reported of XYZ disease)
Most people delay treatment for mental illness for __________ after onset. This could be because a lack of awareness of _________ or __________ for the issue. Perhaps even ____________.
Years; options; name; money
Sources of Info Gathering
- Case studies
- Self-report data
- Observational Approaches
Case Studies
A specific individual is observed and described in detail over time
Could be psychological or medical
Pros and Cons of Case Studies?
+: lots of closely observed data and the person’s history is familiar w/ observer
-: can’t generalize findings and researcher bias
Self Report Data
Participants are asked to provide information about themselves through interviews or questionnaires
Pros and cons of Self-Report Data
+: convenient for gathering info quickly, easily accessible and cheaper, reach a broad audience
-: people want to be seen in a certain way, affecting responses
Observational Approaches
Collecting info based on subjects’ outward behaviors and/or biology
Pros and Cons of Observational Approaches
+: flexibility, generalizability
-: ethical considerations, potential for bias
Internal Validity
Extent to which a study is methodologically sound.
External Validity
Generalizability; does variable XYZ change as a result of ABC in a “real world” setting for groups of different people
The more focus on internal validity, ___________ __________ goes down. Researchers must prioritize based on the question.
External validity.
Criterion group
People w/ disorder being studied
Comparison/ Control Group
People w/o disorder but are compatible to criterion
Correlational Research Designs
Studying patterns of the world as they are
Statistical Significance
Probability that correlation is random chance
P<.05
More variability in smaller samples
Effect size
Compares statistical significance across studies w/ different sample sizes and studies the strength of relationship
Meta-Analysis
Plug and chug effect sizes of different studies
Looking at overall trends/ effect sizes across studies
Experimental Method
Studying efficacy in treatment
Single case experimental designs
To draw conclusions about causality, we must resolve questions of _________________. Scientists control all factors except ___________ _________ and actively manipulate it.
Directionality; Independent Variable
I’d the dependent variables changes as the independent variables changes, it is regarded as a ______________ of the change. (Well designed study assumed)
Cause
Single Case Experimental Design
Same individual studied over time
Behavior assessed before and after treatment and intervention with an ABAB design
Case studies are more observational
Animal Research
Ethical debates exist, though there are sophisticated animal research boards that observe research
