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Abnormal Psychology > Ch. 6 - Panic, Anxiety, Obsessions, and Their Disorders > Flashcards

Ch. 6 - Panic, Anxiety, Obsessions, and Their Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the commonly shared behavioral components of Anxiety Disorders?

A

1) avoidance (internal or external)
2) safety behaviors (rituals or trinkets for example)

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2
Q

what is avoidance?

A

maintaining fear through negative reinforcement (avoidance removes the discomfort —-> more avoidance)

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3
Q

What are safety behaviors?

A

having, for example, rituals or trinkets that usually become engrained with routine

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4
Q

What are safety behaviors?

A

behaviors that make an individual feel safe and have less discomfort
having, for example, rituals or trinkets that usually become engrained with routine

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5
Q

Treatments for Anxiety Disorders

A

1) behavioral therapy, specifically, exposure therapy
2) cognitive behavioral therapy
3) medication (anxiolytics and antidepressants)

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6
Q

What is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy?

A

involves cognitive restructuring + exposure

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7
Q

What do Anxiolytics do?

A

offer immediate relief

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8
Q

What do antidepressants do?

A

offer long-term, therapeutic effects

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9
Q

What is a Phobia?

A

A strong and persistent fear recognized as excessive or unreasonable

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10
Q

What triggers a phobia?

A

a specific object or situation

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11
Q

Avoidance of a trigger (phobias) is a ___________ characteristic.

A

Cardinal: Individuals will do everything in their power to escape certain situations or objects that are part of their phobia

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12
Q

5 Phobia Subtypes Identified in the DSM-5

A

1) Animal (includes insects)
2) natural environment
3) blood-injection-injury
4) situational
5) other
-choking, vomiting, “space”

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13
Q

What are the psychological causes of phobias?

A

1) Classical conditioning (learned fear)
- direct or observational
2) Operant conditioning (maintained fear or avoidance)
- positive reinforcement (relief; reassurance-seeking)
- negative reinforcement (avoidance —-> removal of distress)
3) Evolutionary preparedness (animal and natural environment are most common phobias)

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14
Q

Phobias come about in a ___________ process.

A

gradual

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15
Q

The most effective treatment for a phobia is __________ _________.

A

exposure therapy

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16
Q

For many types of fears, exposure therapy can be done in a __________, __________ session (______ ________).

A

single, long; few hours

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17
Q

cognitive restructuring has not added much to ________ ____________.

A

phobia treatment

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18
Q

__________ alone is ineffective alone to treat phobias and _______-__________ meds may interfere with exposure therapy.

A

medication; anxiety-meds

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19
Q

What is Social Anxiety (Social Phobia)?

A

A persistent fear of exposure to scrutiny and potential evaluation of others in one or more social situations (6 months or longer)

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20
Q

What are the subtypes of social anxiety?

A

1) performance (e.g. public speaking)
2) nonperformance (e.g. meeting new people)

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21
Q

What is a biological causal factor of social anxiety?

A

1) Temperament - behavioral inhibition

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22
Q

___________ ___________ has been found to predict Social Anxiety Disorder in middle childhood.

A

Behavioral inhibition

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23
Q

What is Panic Disorder? How is it characterized?

A

A reoccurrence of unexpected (“out of the blue”) panic attacks
Characterized by persistent worry (1+ month) about having more attacks and/or maladaptive change in behavior to avoid attacks

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24
Q

What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

A

Chronic or excessive worry about multiple events and activities

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25
Q

The DSM-5 says it has to occur more days than not for at least ____ months. Persistent worry must be accompanied by at least ___ of ___ symptoms, most of the time (in children, only ___ is required).

A

6; 3; 6; 1

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26
Q

6 Symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

1) Edginess or restlessness
2) Tiring easily; more fatigued than usual
3) Impaired concentration or feeling as though the mind goes blank
4) Irritability (which may or may not be observable to others)
5) Increased muscle aches or soreness
6) Difficulty sleeping (due to trouble falling asleep or staying asleep, restlessness at night, or unsatisfying sleep.

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27
Q

What is worry?

A

A mental behavior that is likely a form of cognitive avoidance

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28
Q

3 Examples of cognitive avoidance?

A

-superstitious avoidance (feared outcomes less likely)
-avoidance of deeper emotional topics (distraction)
-coping and preparation (usually results in procrastination)

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29
Q

What are the paradoxical effects of thought supression?

A

boosting the worrying thoughts by trying not to think about them, causing you to think about not thinking about it and therefore thinking about it

30
Q

In the US…
The lifetime risk for SAD, GAD, and PD: __________ __________ groups is less than ___-__________ __________.

A

ethnic minority groups; non-hispanic whites

31
Q

Once a disorder develops, it is more equally distributed across ______/__________.

A

race/ ethinicity

32
Q

Expression and rates of anxiety are expressed differently across ___________.

A

cultures (taijin kyofusho [social anxiety in japan])

33
Q

Yoruba culture of Nigeria [generalized anxiety] is characterized by ________, ________, and _________ __________.

Koro in China is characterized by having a fear of genitals changing due to __________ __________ or _________ ________

A

worry, dreams, bodily complaints
malicious spirits or contaminated food

34
Q

What is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?

A

The occurrence of both obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors performed in an attempt to neutralize such thoughts (time-consuming; >1 hr a day)

35
Q

What is an obsession?

A

It is persistent and recurrent intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses that are experienced as disturbing, inappropriate, and uncontrollable

36
Q

What are compulsions?

A

They involve overt repetitive behaviors that are performed as lengthy rituals

37
Q

5 Common Obsessions

A

1) Contamination fears (disease, germs, etc)
2) Fears of harming oneself or others
3) Need for symmetry
4) Sexuality, unwanted sexual images/thought
5) Religion (scrupulosity)

38
Q

6 Common Compulsions

A

1) Cleaning (contrast with germ phobia)
2) Checking things
3) Repeating
4) Ordering/ arranging
5) Counting
6) Phrases/ sayings

39
Q

The Lifetime prevalence rate for OCD: ___- ___%

A

2-3%

40
Q

Most (____%) of treatment-seeking individuals with OCD have both obsessions and compulsions.

A

90%

41
Q

Little to no _________ differences, unlike other anxiety-related disorders.

A

gender

42
Q

Typical onset for OCD is _______ __________ or _______ ___________. _________ onset leads to greater severity and heritability estimate.

A

late adolescence or early adulthood; Childhood

43
Q

OCD is typically _______, with relief from treatment.

A

Chronic

44
Q

OCD is frequently comorbid with _________ and __________ depressive disorders, _____ disorders, and ______.

A

anxiety disorders; depressive disorders; tic disorders ; adhd

45
Q

3 Cognitive causal factors for OCD include…

A

1) non-acceptance of thoughts
2) increased sense of moral responsibility for thoughts
3) attempts to suppress thoughts actually cause increases in thoughts

46
Q

Biological causal factors of OCD may play a ____________ factor in OCD than for anxiety disorders.

A

greater

47
Q

OCD sometimes associated with ____ (especially in childhood)

A

tics

48
Q

_____% of 1st degree relatives of people with Tourette’s syndrome (very rare) had diagnosable OCD

A

23%

49
Q

Evidence of abnormalities in brain structures such as the ________ __________, which have a role in voluntary motor movement, habits, cognition, emotion.

A

basal ganglia

50
Q

The orbitofrontal cortex…

A

filters out and manages primitive urges

51
Q

Behavioral treatment for OCD includes…

A

exposure and response prevention

52
Q

For patients that stick with behavioral treatment, about ___-___% show a reduction in symptoms (ranging from moderate to great improvement)

A

50-70%

53
Q

Full remission of OCD is ______.

A

rare

54
Q

For OCD, patients are prescribed medications primarily affecting the NT ______________.

A

serotonin

55
Q

What is body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)?

A

-being obsessed with perceived or imagined flaw in appearance
-having a firm belief of disfigurement/ugliness
-causes clinically significant distress and/or impairment

56
Q

These “flaws” are not _________ or only seen as _______ to other people

A

observable; slight

57
Q

4 Examples of repetitive behaviors or mental acts in response to appearance concerns in BDD include…

A

1) reassurance-seeking from others
2)excessive mirror checking
3) skin picking
4) self-others comparision

58
Q

With BDD, one may focus on _____ body parts.

A

any

59
Q

BDD could be better explained by criteria that fits an _______ __________ if the concerns are about weight/ fat/ eating behaviors.

A

eating disorder

60
Q

General population point prevalence is __-__%

A

1-2%

61
Q

BDD affects men and women about _________. Types of body obsessions tend to be ___________ though.

A

equally; different

62
Q

BDD typically begins in _______________.

A

Adolescence

63
Q

Comorbidity rates of BDD with SAD, depression, and OCD tend to be _______.

A

high

64
Q

BDD vs OCD
For both, there are __________ behaviors, such as reassurance seeking and repetitive checking.

A

repetitive

65
Q

BDD vs OCD
BDD is more _______ of obsessive beliefs than OCD

A

convinced

66
Q

BDD vs OCD
There is a potential overlap in _________ ________ and ___________ ___________.

A

causal factors; treatment approaches

67
Q

BDD vs Anorexia Nervosa
Both involve excessive concern with _________ appearance, ________ dissatisfaction, ___________ perception

A

physical; body; distorted

68
Q

BDD typically/ originally normal appearance when meetin diagnostic criteria; little satisfaction after making attempts to mask flaws

A

!!!!!

69
Q

AN: underweight for diagnosis –> satisfied with emaciation and attempts to maintain

A

!!!!!!!

70
Q

What is Hoarding Disorder?

A

-acquiring and failing to discard limited value possessions and the disorganizations in living space interferes with everyday life

71
Q

________ ________ has a poorer prognosis for treatment than OCD.

A

Hoarding disorder

72
Q

What is Trichotillomania?

A

-compulsive hair pulling
-urge to pul out hair from any body location
- preceded by tension and followed by pleasure/ releif
- must cause clinically significant distress
-much less is known about this disorder!!!!!!!

Abnormal Psychology (4 decks)

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