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MOD1 > CH1 > Flashcards

CH1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two most common forms of DNA variation in the human genome?

A

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms: 1% in coding region

Copy number variations: large stretches of DNA, 50% in coding region

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2
Q

What marks are attached to what AA?

A

Histone methylation: lysine, arginine, act or inact
Histone acetylation: lysine (HATs vs HDAC)
Histone phosphorylation: serine, act or inact
DNA methylation (silences)
Chromatin organizing factors (spaces enhancers and promoters)

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3
Q

What enzyme is involved in activating miRNA?

A

DICER

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4
Q

What does miRNA complex into?

A

RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) which either silences or cleaves mRNA

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5
Q

What is the therapeutic agent against miRNA?

A

SiRNA (small-interfering)

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6
Q

What does long non-coding RNA do? What’s an example?

A

Binds regions of chromatin (promotors, prevents polymerase access, direct marking, scaffold for other proteins)

XIST, X chromosome inactivation

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7
Q

What are the catabolism units of the cells and what do they break down?

A

Lysosomes: everything
Proteasomes: proteins, MHC fragment maker
Peroxisomes: fatty acids, hydrogen peroxide

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8
Q

What are most proteins in the plasma membrane?

A

Transmembrane

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9
Q

What plasma proteins function in sperm-egg interactions and inlammation?

A

Glycolipids and sphingomyelin

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10
Q

What is the glycocalyx?

A

Carbohydrate cell shield against chemical and mechanical stressors, involved in cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions

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11
Q

What substances passively cross the cell membrane? What substances don’t?

A

O2, H2O, steroids (vit D), ethanol, urea, polar molecules 75 daltons

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12
Q

What are the features of caveolae?

A

Small invaginations, potocytosis, no clathrin, internalize R’s and integrins, protein is caveolin

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13
Q

What are the three processes for cell uptake?

A

Potocytosis (no clathrin, fluid-phase)
Pinocytosis (clathrin, fluid-phase)
Receptor-mediated endocytosis (clathrin)

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of cytoskeleton proteins?

A

Actin
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules (MTOC, centrosome, centrioles), cilia for motility

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of cell-cell interactions?

A

Occluding/tight junctions
Communicating/Gap junctions
Anchoring junctions/desmosomes

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16
Q

What are the different types of desmosomes?

A

Spot: cell-cell, small rivet-like, intermediate filaments

Hemi: cell-ECM, integrins, intermediate filaments

Belt: cell-cell, E-cadherins, actin

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17
Q

What are the different types of intermediate filaments?

A

Lamin A/B/C: nuclear lamina
Vimentin: mesenchymal cells (fibroblasts, endothelium)
Desmin: muscle cells
Neurofilaments: axons of neurons
Glial fibrillary acidic protein: glial cells around neurons
Cytokeratins: cell markers

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18
Q

What are the pores associated with gap junctions? What are they made of? Under what conditions are they more or less permeable?

A

Connexons

Connexins

Less in low pH, greater in high Ca

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19
Q

What’s the morphology of the ER?

A

Branches of tubes, smooth or rough (ribosomes or no)

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20
Q

What do ER ribosomes match with on some mRNA? What if this doesn’t occur?

A

N-termini signal sequence

The mRNA binds to cytosolic ribosomes

21
Q

Define oligomerize.

A

Monomers coming together, like in ER proteins.

22
Q

What modifications are made in the ER to proteins?

A

Disulfide bonds added

N-linked oligosaccharides added

23
Q

What protein is defective in cystic fibrosis?

A

CFTR protein

24
Q

Where are SERs prominent/conspicuous? What does the SER sequester?

A

Cells that synthesize steroids or lipids

Adrenals, gonads, liver

Ca

25
Q

What does the golgi body do? What cells are these most prominent in?

A 
Modifies proteins from cis to trans
Prunes N-linked oligosaccharides
Recycles cis proteins
Glycosylation of lipids and proteins
Distributes products

Cells that secrete things (goblet cells, plasma cells, bronchial epithelium)

26
Q

What are hydrolases tagged with in the Golgi so they reach the lysosome?

A

Mannose-6-phosphate

27
Q

What do mitochondria use to initiate protein synthesis?

A

N-formylmethionine

28
Q

What is thermogenin associated with?

A

Brown fat thermogenesis, non-shivering, ETC utilized for something other than ox phos

29
Q

What uptake is upregulated in the Warburg effect?

A

Glucose and glutamine

30
Q

What are the different kinase R groups? What activates them?

A

Tyrosine, seriene/threonine, lipid: insulin, GFs

Non-R tyrosine kinase: cytokine R’s, immune R’s, integrins

31
Q

What does activation of the Frizzled R cause?

A

Disruption o proteasome activity and subsequent increase in B-catenin levels

32
Q

What do transcription factors contain many of and why?

A

Protein-protein interaction domains that allow for complex recruitment that undertakes mRNA synthesis

33
Q

GF roles include what?

A

Cell growth, cell division, tissue maintenance and repair, tumor development, promote cell cycle entry, remove cell cycle blocks, prevent apoptosis, migration, differentiation

34
Q

EGF (epidermal growth factor) does what?

A

Comes from macros, mitogenic for fibroblasts and stimulates granulation tissue formation

35
Q

TGF-a (transforming growth factor) does what?

A

Activated by macros, stimulated proliferation of hepatocytes and other epithelial cells

36
Q

HGF (hepatocyte growth factor)/scatter factor does what?

A

From fibroblasts and stromal cells in liver, enhances hepatocyte proliferation and increases cell motility, morphogen in embryonic development

37
Q

VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) does what? When and what activates it?

A

Comes from mesenchymal cells, stimulates vascular dilation and permeability

Hypoxia via HIF-1

38
Q

PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor)

A

Chemotactic for leukocytes, stimulates ECM protein synthesis, stimulates fibroblast and muscle cell proliferation, constitutively active

39
Q

FGF (fibroblast growth factors) does what?

A

Comes from sentinels, chemotactic for fibroblasts, stimulates angiogenesis and EMC protein synthesis

Interacts via heparin sulfate (a proteoglycan) to make GF reservoir in prep for wound site mobilization

40
Q

TGF-B (transforming growth factor) does what? What’s its transcription factor?

A

Chemotactic for leukocytes and fibroblasts, stimulates ECM protein synthesis, suppresses acute inflammation

Smad4

41
Q

What are the two basic ECM forms? What’s contained in each?

A

Interstitial matrix and basement membrane

IM: collagen, elastin, fibronectin, proteoglycans
BM: type 4 collagen, laminin, proteoglycans

42
Q

How is collagen organized? What type of bonds exist in fibrillar collagen And Where is it found?

A

Three polypeptide chains braided together in triple-helix rope

Covalent bonds in lateral cross-linking formed by lysyl oxidase (Vit C dependent, def –> osteogenesis imperfecta, easy bleeding and poor healing)

Connective tissue of bone/tendons/cartilage/vasculature/skin

43
Q

What types of collagen fall under non-fibrillar?

A

IV (Basement membrane structure), IX (FACITs for collagen-collagen), VII (anchoring fibrils)

44
Q

What is the importance of fibronectin?

A

Wound healing, component of scaffolding for ECM deposition and angiogenesis, also tissue formation

45
Q

What is the most abundant adhesive glycoprotein?

A

Laminin

46
Q

What are also referred to as cell adhesion molecules?

A

Integrins, cell-ECM, functionally and structurally linking intracellular cytoskeleton with outside world

47
Q

What is asymmetric division?

A

When stem cells divide, one daughter takes self-renewal path to maintain SC population while the other daughter differentiates

48
Q

Define totipotent.

A

What embryonic stem cells are, the ability to differentiate into any cell of the human body

Tissue stem cells are NOT totipotent and have limited lineage designations

MOD1 (5 decks)

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