CH.06 Flashcards
Internet/net
- global system of private and public computer and network
- composed of more than 750 million hosts
cyberspace
- a term used refer to internet
- unlimited span of network using same data exchange method
host
computer has two way to access other computer
- receive request
-reply request
network service provider (NSP)
- maintain internet backbone
- main high speed rout
network access point (NAP)
- allow data to start on one network then cross over to another network
-How NSP are linked
Router
specialized devices that connect network, locate the best path of transmission, and ensure that data reaches its destination
Interoperability
ability to work with different brands and models of computer
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Manages assembling of a message or file into smaller packets
- Packets are transmitted over Internet
- TCP layer on the destination computer reassembles the packets into the original message
Internet Protocol (IP)
Handles the address part of each packet so that it gets to the right destination
Internet service providers (ISPs)
1- Providing and maintaining a connection to the Internet
2- Supporting the hardware and software needed to service that connection
3- Protecting their site and network from external threats such as viruses, hacker attacks, and other illegal activities
4- Providing 24-hour customer service and technical support
Online service provider (OSP)
1- A for-profit firm that provides a proprietary network
2- Offers special services only available to subscribers
- Examples: MSN “Microsoft ” and AOL “America Online”
Wireless Internet service provider
Company that provides wireless Internet access
Hot spot
Public location that provides Internet access for wireless devices
example of hot spot
airport, college campus, or coffee shop
Methods to access the Internet
1- Dial-up access—uses modem and telephone line
2- Digital subscriber line (DSL)—high-speed online connection—external modem with telephone lines
3- Cable access—high-speed Internet connection—cable modem not a phone line
4- Satellite—high-speed Internet service with antenna and dish connected to indoor receive unit (IRU) and indoor transmit unit (ITU)
5- Fiber-optic service—high-speed Internet—fiber-optic lines direct
World Wide Web (also known as the Web or WWW)
1- Contains billions of documents
2- Part of the Internet
3- Uses the Internet to transport information
4- Separate entity from the Internet
5- No one owns the Web
6- Standards and guidelines for the Web are published by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
difference between web and internet?
1- Web contains the information.
2- Internet transports information to and from users.
Web page
Document that may include text, graphics, sound, animation, and video
Web browser
Program that displays Web pages and linked items
Web site
- Collection of Web pages
- Typically contains a home page (also called an index page)—default page displayed when you enter a site
Hypertext
Uses links to connect to additional related information
Hyperlinks or links
Words and images that bring other documents into view when clicked
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
Uses tags to specify how a Web page should display
Extensible Hypertext Markup Language (XHTML)
HTML combined with Extensible Markup Language (XML) to reduce the complexity of HTML
Distributed hypermedia system
- Network-based content development system
- Uses multimedia resources as a means to of navigation or illustration
Web 2.0
- Current generation of the Web
- Provides opportunities to collaborate, interface, and create new content using blogs, Wikis, and podcasts
Some issues with Web distribution include:
1- Dead links (also known as broken links)
2- Information posted on the Web is not validated.
3- Information overload due to too much data
Plug-ins
Additional software programs to extend the ability of the browser; usually to enable multimedia features.
plug-ins example
1- Acrobat Reader
2- Adobe Flash Player
3- Adobe Shockwave Player
4- Apple QuickTime
5- Real Player
6- Windows Media Player
Browser cache
Stores Web page files and graphics on a computer hard drive when the user visits a site for the first time
Web servers
1- Web sites and their associated information are stored here
2- Used to recognize information requests, process the requests, and send the requested documents
Internet Protocol (IP) address
1- PCs and servers connect to internet given a unique network identifier
2- Numerical identification and logical address
3- The IP address consists of four groups of numbers, separated by periods.
4- The value in each group ranges from 0 to 255. As an example, 64.12.245.203
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
1- Identifies Internet resource’s type and location
2- For example: It is much easier to access the AOL Web site by typing the URL, www.aol.com, than it is to remember 64.12.245.203.
3- A complete URL actually has four distinct parts: protocol, domain name, path, and resource/filename.
Downloading
Process of transferring a file or document from one computer to user’s computer
Surfing the Web
Type a URL into the address bar
Click a tab in the browser window
Click a hyperlink
History list
Compiles a list of the Web pages visited
Favorites or Bookmarks feature
Allows Web pages visited often to be marked
Uploading
Process of transferring a file or document from user’s computer to another computer
Really Simple Syndication (RSS)
Connection to a Web site that allows users to receive constant updates
Aggregator
Regularly checks each site on your subscriptions list and sends alerts if new information has been published
Wiki (short for wiki-wiki, the Hawaiian word for “fast”)
Simple Web page where any visitor can post text or images, change posted information, and track earlier changes
Blog (short for Weblog)
Internet equivalent of a journal or diary where bloggers post opinions, thoughts, and interesting links
Subject guide
Web pages grouped under specific headings—offered by some search sites
Portal
Web page that acts as a gateway to diverse sources and presents them in an organized way
Clickstream
Trail of Web links followed to arrive at a particular site
Search engines
Index databases of Web pages to enable fast information searches
Spiders
Programs that roam the Web to add new Web pages to search engine indexes
Link rot
Results from hyperlinks that no longer work or Web pages that have been removed or restructured
Specialized search engines
Index information, such as job advertisements, and names and addresses
Search operators
Perform complex searches
Wildcard symbols (also called truncation symbols)
- Replace the zero or additional characters in search words to improve search accuracy
- Examples: ? and *
Phrase searching
- Place quotation marks around a phrase to create a complete unit for search purposes
- The result—search engines retrieve only those sites that contain the exact phrase
Inclusion operators
- Used so only Web pages including those criteria are retrieved
- Example: plus sign (+)
Exclusion operators
- Used so only Web pages excluding those criteria are retrieved
- Example: minus sign (-)
Boolean searches
- Link search words by using logical operators such as AND, OR, and NOT
- Using the AND, OR, and NOT logical operators provides additional criteria for a search engine to use when retrieving documents
Nesting
- A Boolean search operator that uses parentheses
- The search engine evaluates the expression from left to right, and searches for content in the parentheses first
Evaluate information obtained from the Web:
- Who is author?
- Does the author reference sources?
- Who is the Web page affiliated with? Who pays for it?
- Is the language objective/dispassionate or strident/argumentative?
- What is the purpose of the page?
- Does the information appear to be accurate?
- Is the page current?
Use Web information for schoolwork
- Access authoritative online sources.
- Locate published works.
- Provide appropriate online and offline reference citations in your work.
Internet service
Set of standards or protocols that identify how computers communicate through the Internet
Electronic mail (e-mail)
Type of application software that makes sending and receiving messages through computer networks possible
E-mail attachment
Computer file included with an e-mail message
E-mail address
- Unique cyberspace address for each individual
- Consists of a user name, the name of the hosting e-mail service, and the top-level domain
Spam
- Unsolicited e-mails, usually from advertisers
- Do not open spam
Malware
Malicious software that places a computer in the spammer’s control
Spyware
Gathers data from a system without knowledge
Botnet
Set of infected computers that places computers under the control of a bot herder
Instant messaging (IM) systems
Allow immediate, real-time communication with contacts
- Requires additional software
- Notifies users when a contact is connected to the Internet
- Spimming—spam for instant messaging
Internet relay chat (IRC)
Special type of Internet service that gives users the ability to join chat groups called channels
Social networking
Helps people connect
Sites such as MySpace provide the ability to create large communities online.
Usenet
- Worldwide discussion system available through the Internet
- Made up of many newsgroups—discussion groups dedicated to one topic
- Discussions within newsgroups are in threads—groupings of commentaries on a particular subject
**Standard newsgroups—of high-quality discussions
**Alt newsgroups—created by anyone
**Biz newsgroups—devoted to commercial use
Message board
- Similar to a newsgroup
- Easier to use
- Does not require a newsreader
Electronic mailing lists
- similar to newsgroups and forums, except that:
**Only subscribers can receive and view messages.
**Messages posted to the mailing list are automatically sent to everyone on the list. - Majordomo is a common freeware electronic mailing list manager.
VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)
- Users can speak to others over a broadband Internet connection instead of an analog phone line
- Requires a broadband Internet connection
- A VoIP service provider such as Skype
- A VoIP adapter or computer with supporting software
- Calls are usually free to others using the same service.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
- Method to transfer files over the Internet
- Use when files are too large to attach to e-mails
- Usually requires a user name and a password
- Use to upload Web pages
Anonymous FTP
- Files are available publicly available for downloading
- Lack of security
- Do not send sensitive material
E-tailers (Web-based retailers)
online merchant
Business-to-business (B2B) e-commerce
Refers to a business providing supplies to other businesses via the Internet
Consumer-to-consumer (C2C) e-commerce
- Refers to the exchange of business between individuals
- Example: eBay
Business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce
Refers to shopping online rather than at a physical store
Online shopping
- Shop for good deals
- Use shopping portals to compare prices and products
Example: PriceGrabber.com - Look for coupons and rebates
Drawbacks to B2C e-commerce
- Buyers miss speaking with real sales clerks.
- Buyers cannot touch merchandise before purchase.
- Buyers have to wait for delivery of merchandise.
Online e-commerce solutions to drawbacks
- Online chats with live customer service representatives
- Provide a wide variety of shipping options
- Provide good customer service by responding quickly to customer inquiries
Building your own business
- Only needs a low capital investment
- Requires an ISP, a Web site, and the ability to ship purchases
Netiquette
Series of guidelines for good manners when using an Internet service
Flames
Angry messages sent by other users
Guidelines for safe surfing
- Never give out identifying information.
- Never respond to suggestive messages.
- Never open e-mail from an unknown source.
- Never allow a child to make arrangements for a face-to-face meeting alone.
- Remember individuals online may not be who they claim to be.
- Set reasonable rules and guidelines for computer use by children.
- Make using the computer a family activity.
