Ch e Flashcards
culture
collection of values, beliefs, behaviors, customs, arts, and attitudes that distinguish one society from another
cultural intelligence
an outsider’s capability to relate and work effectively across cultures
cultural sensitivity (cultural empathy)
is the awareness of and honest caring about another individual’s culture. Needed along with cultural IQ to negotiate effectively in expatriate assignments
creolization
when immigrants adopt some aspects of the local culture while keeping aspect of their culture of origin
contingency management
international managers need to adapt their management styles of the local setting and people
expatriate failure
primarily due to cross-cultural differences
cultural diffusion
brought about by globalization in all its forms of personal and business contacts and information crossing borders
sociocultural variables of culture
religion, language, education
societal culture
represents the expectations, norms, and goals within a region or nation
organizational culture
norms, expectations and goals within an organization. Informal cultures interact casually and wear casual clothes. A strong org culture like Walt Disney World can lead to greater loyalty but some strong org cultures can be overly focused on domestic (ethnocentric).
convergence
the phenomenon of the shifting of individual management styles to become more similar to one another
self reference criterion
the unconscious reference point of one’s own cultural values
subcultures
distinct sub groups within the main culture. Eg. Anglophones and francophone and indigenous Canadians are subcultures in Canada
parochialism
expectation that foreigners should automatically fall into host-country patterns of behavior
ethnocentrism
the belief that the practices of one’s own country are best (the center) no matter where or under what conditions they are applied. Understand your own culture first to help prevent ethnocentrism
stereotyping
refers to the assumption that every member of a society or subculture has the same characteristics or traits without regard to individual differences. This should be avoided by international managers because many countries have diverse subcultures
values
a society’s ideas and convictions about what is right or wrong and good or bad
GLOBE Dimensions
Assertiveness, future orientation, performance orientation, humane orientation
assertiveness
countries low on assertiveness tend to prefer warm and cooperative relations and harmony
humane orientation
measures the extent to which a society encourages and rewards people for being fair, altruistic, generous, caring and kind
future orientation
inclined to long-term planning and focuses on planning and investing in the future. Ex. Singapore and Switzerland
performance orientation
tend to take initiative and have a sense or urgency and the confidence to get things done. Ex. managers from Singapore, Hong Kong and the US
hofstede’s dimensions
Power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism/collectivism, femininity/masculinity, long term/short term orientation
power distance
characterized by inequalities between superiors and subordinates, autocratic leadership, concentrated power among executives and little autonomy for subordinates, and companies tend to be more hierarchical, with power deriving from prestige, force, and inheritance
uncertainty avoidance
a large/high uncertainty avoidance culture values security and places its faith in strong systems of rule, laws and procedures in society to which people adhere.
individualism
the tendency of people to look after themselves and their immediate family and to place less emphasis on the needs of the society
collectivism
emphasizes loyalty to the family and tribe, ties among individuals are highly valued, and compromise and conformity help maintain group harmony. Eg. Saudi Arabia
masculine societies
tend to be individualistic and high power distance
universalistic
societies that emphasize applying rules and system objectively
neutral society
members are less likely to express their emotions openly during a business situation. Exs. England, Germany, and Japan
particularistic
societies in which people are more likely consider the individual circumstances as opposed to objectively applying the rules to everyone. People from particularistic societies are more likely to pass on insider information.
trompenaars value dimensions
specific vs diffuse, neutral vs affective, and universalism vs particularism
affective society
members are more likely to express their emotions openly during a business situation. Exs. Greece, China, and Mexico
specific orientated
cultures in which managers separate their work and private lives and tend to be open and direct when communicating with coworkers
achievement society
sources of power and status will most likely be based upon how well you perform on the job
ascription society
sources of power and status will most likely be based on age, gender, etc. as opposed to achievement
internet usage
varies based on local attitudes to information privacy
media exposure
can cause changes in traditional, non-Western societies
Guanxi
network of relationships centered on mutual obligations and favors
Harris and Moran Characteristics of workplace behaviors
Americans value being competitive and aggressive, have a strong work ethic and value being highly organized and institutionally minded. Arabs value hospitality, five times a day prayer pattern, indirect communication style and believe important deadlines cannot be rushed
kinship system
refers to the influence of family relationships
religious systems
underlies both moral and economic norms and influences everyday business transactions and on-the-job behaviors
