Ch 4 Flashcards
communication
The process of transmitting information through media such as words,
behavior, or material artifacts to assist in decision making. Greatly helps in negotiating future plans
noise
anything that disrupts the communication process
encoding
Translating the intended meaning of the message into symbols
decoding
the process of translating the received symbols into the interpreted message
cause of noise
the difference between sender and receiver’s life space
intercultural communication
occurs when a member of one culture sends a message to a member of another culture.
attribution
he process in which people look for the explanation of another person’s behavior.
People may blame a failure in communication on the other person’s stupidity, deceit, or craziness
trust
improves cross-cultural communication by encouraging the open exchange of ideas and
information. Socializing when possible and making friendly contact with persons can improve trust.
language
verbal and nonverbal characteristics
attitudes
positive or negative evaluations, feelings, and tendencies that individuals harbor
toward objects or concepts and affects the communication process
subcultures
a group of people who share a unique way of life within a larger, dominant culture
stereotyping
when a person assumes that every member of a society or subculture has the same characteristics or traits
symbols
letters, figures, colors, or other characters that communicate meaning
kinesic behavior
an element of nonverbal communication that includes posture, gestures, facial
expressions and eye contact. The meaning of body movements/kinesics vary across cultures. Ex.When someone from the US has a relaxed posture, this could be interpreted as rudeness in Asia.Likewise, hand gestures used by someone from the US can be distracting to someone from
Japan.
oculesics
subtle differences in eye behavior. Direct eye contact is common in the US. British tend to keep looking away while conversing
haptics
communicating through touch
high contact culture
in this type of society people stand close together and touch a great deal. Coworkers may put an arm over their colleague’s back. Brazil is a high contact culture.
low contact culture
that bows and often don’t shake hands. In low contact cultures people are likely to stand at a respectable distance from each other - japan
proxemics
the influence of closeness and space on communication. ex. Brazilians tend to stand
close to others compared to cultures such as the US and Japan
paralanguage
Reflects how something is said rather than the content. yawning, changing the meaning of words by changing the inflection of your voice, the use of silence during meetings
object language or material culture
the manner in which people communicate through material artifacts such as architecture, office design, furniture, clothing, cosmetics, and cars.
monochronic culture
treat time as a compartmentalized and classified tool for bringing order to
life, adhere to plan commitments. Considers time as something that can be saved or wasted and prefers “efficiency” in time. May come to decisions quicker
polychronic culture
tolerate many events occurring simultaneously, consider time flexible and focus on relationships rather than material systems. Members can be distracted and change plans frequently while doing many tasks at once. Ex. Latin Americans have a flexible view of time and may not arrive at the predetermined time. May “waste” time by chatting about many non-business things. May be slower to make decisions
high context culture
feelings and thoughts are not explicitly expressed. The message is given implicitly and inferred based on the context. People have to “read between the lines” to interpret meaning based on unarticulated moods, subtle gestures, and environmental cues. Most communication occurs within a context of extensive information networks resulting from close personal relationships. Personal relations and goodwill valued. Ex. Japan
low context culture
information processes tend to be more formal and controlled. The message is explicitly stated. Feelings and thoughts are expressed directly in words. People in low-context cultures are less likely to say “no” directly. Controlled flows of information. Ex. US, Germany, Switzerland
ningensei
the Japanese preference for humanity, reciprocity, and analytic logic
ringi system
consensus decision-making system in which everyone is involved used in Japan
interaction posture
ability to respond to others in a nonjudgmental way
openness in communication
related to the personality traits of tolerance for ambiguity, resilience, and extroversion
orientation to knowledge
recognizing that one’s knowledge, perceptions, and beliefs are valid only for oneself and not for everyone else.
intercultural communication effectiveness (ICE)
important behaviors include empathy, respect,
tolerance for ambiguity, interaction posture (ability to respond to others in a descriptive,
nonevaluative and nonjudgmental way)
projective listening
when listeners absorb the information according to our their view or perspective.
GLOBE project
countries high on performance orientation like the US prefer direct and explicit communication as opposed to countries like Russia or Greece.
assertiveness
Countries low on assertiveness like Sweden would like to build friendly relationships and would not like explicitness in communication (compared to high assertiveness
countries)
humane orientation
countries high on the humane orientation (Philippines or Ireland) avoid making conflict a priority and tend to communicate with the goal of being supportive rather than achieving objective results. This contrasts with France and Spain who focus more on achievement goals
