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Nutrition Exam 3 > Ch. 9 Vitamins > Flashcards

Ch. 9 Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

What two things combine to form a vitamin?

A

Vital + Amine= Vitamin

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2
Q

Which 3 letter groups of vitamins were dropped?

A

F, G, H

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3
Q

What are vitamins classified by?

A

Solubility

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4
Q

What is included in the 9 water-soluble vitamins?

A

-B vitamin complex
-Vitamin C

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5
Q

What are the 4 fat-soluble vitamins?

A

A
D
E
K

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6
Q

What affects a vitamin’s digestion, absorption, transportation, storage, and excretion?

A

Solubility

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7
Q

Are all vitamins organic?

A

Yes

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8
Q

Why must vitamins be absorbed intact in the enterocytes?

A

Because vitamins lack any bonds for the body the hydrolyze during digestion

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9
Q

What are substances found in foods that are not directly usable by the body?

A

Provitamins

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10
Q

What are vitamin precursors that are converted into active forms once absorbed in the body?

A

Provitamins

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11
Q

What are vitamins found in foods that are already in their active forms?

A

Preformed vitamins

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12
Q

What is the provitamin for Vitamin A?

A

beta-carotene

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13
Q

What is the term for vitamin toxicity?

A

hypervitaminosis

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14
Q

What results from ingesting excess vitamins?

A

Tissue saturation
Hypervitaminosis

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15
Q

What can supplementing with megadoses of vitamins and not from eating foods?

A

Hypervitaminosis

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16
Q

What type of vitamins do not cause toxicity?

A

Vitamin C/most water soluble vitamins

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17
Q

Why do most water-soluble vitamins not cause hypervitaminosis?

A

Excess is excreted in the urine

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18
Q

Which fat-soluble vitamins can be toxic in mega doses?

A

A, D, E

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19
Q

Where does all vitamin absorption occur?

A

Small intestine

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20
Q

What is the degree to which a nutrient is absorbed from foods and used in the body?

A

Bioavailability

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21
Q

Which type of vitamins are generally less bioavailable than the other?

A

Fat-soluble vitamins

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22
Q

Are vitamins from plant foods or animal foods more bioavailable?

A

Vitamins from animal foods are more bioavailable

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23
Q

How are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed and transported?

A

Micelles transport them into intestinal cells, the packaged with fat/lipids into chylomicron, then into the lymph system

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24
Q

How are water-soluble vitamins absorbed/transported?

A

Absorbed directly into the portal vein from the small intestine

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25
Which type of vitamins are stored after absorption?
Fat-soluble vitamins
26
What is the main storage site for vitamin A?
The liver
27
Where is vitamin D mainly stored?
Fat and muscle tissue
28
Where is B12 absorbed?
The ileum
29
How does the body handle excess water-soluble vitamins?
They are excreted through urine
30
What are compounds that neutralize free radicals?
Antioxidants
31
Which two vitamins are antioxidants?
E and C
32
What are 3 factors that increase free radical production?
-UV light -Exposure to toxins from smoking -Exposure to environmental pollutants
33
What mineral is an antioxidant?
Selenium
34
Which 2 phytochemicals are antioxidants?
Flavonoids Carotenoids
35
What occurs when free radicals accumulate faster than the body can metabolize them?
Oxidative stress
36
What are naturally occurring plant compounds that give plant food their vibrant colors and can act as antioxidants?
Phytochemicals
37
Are antioxidant supplements currently recommended?
No
38
What is currently recommended instead of antioxidant supplements?
A phytochemical and antioxidant-rich diet
39
What phytochemicals are found in red foods?
Anthocyanins
40
What phytochemicals are found in yellow/orange foods?
Beta-carotene Flavonoids
41
What phytochemicals are found in white foods?
Alliums/allicin
42
What phytochemicals are found in green foods?
Lutein Zeaxanthin
43
What phytochemicals are found in blue-purple foods?
Anthocyanins Phenolics
44
What phytochemicals are founds in brown foods?
Plant sterols many others
45
What is the best source of vitamins?
Whole foods: fruits, veggies, whole grains
46
How can vitamins be destroyed during cooking/storage?
-Cooked in boiling water -Changes in pH -Heat
47
Which vitamins tend to be more stable in cooking/storage?
Fat-soluble vitamins
48
How can the arsenic content of rice be reduced during cooking?
-Boil rice in excess water 6Water : 1Rice
49
What does rinsing rice before cooking and rinsing pasta after cooking do?
They wash away water-soluble vitamins
50
What health risks can vitamin fortification contribute to?
-Vitamin excess -Displace nutrient-rich foods
51
What is the family of fat-soluble retinoids?
Vitamin A
52
Which type of vitamin A is the most usable to the body?
Retinol
53
Where is the preformed vitamin A primarily found?
Animal foods
54
How/where is vitamin A stored in the body?
Retinyl ester in the liver
55
How does the liver help prevent vitamin A toxicity?
Excretion through bile
56
Which vitamin participates in... -Vision -Epithelial tissue maintenance -Growth -Reproduction -Immune system -Bone health
Vitamin A
57
What are the metabolic functions of vitamin A?
-May help fight cancer -Carotenoids are antioxidants
58
What is the RDA for vitamin A in male adults?
900 micrograms Retinol activity equivalents
59
What is the RDA for vitamin A in female adults?
700 micrograms RAE
60
What is the upper limit of vitamin A?
3,000 micrograms as performed vitamin A only
61
What is the daily need for beta-carotene?
3-6 milligrams daily
62
How should strict vegans meet vitamin A intake requirements?
Carotenoids and beta-carotene rich foods
63
What is the starting point for vitamin A toxicity?
>15,000 micrograms
64
What can overconsumption of vitamin A during pregnancy cause?
Facial/skull birth defects CNS
65
What can vitamin A over consumption cause in adults?
Osteoporosis Bone fractures
66
What can excess carotenoids cause?
Carotenodermia
67
What can chronic vitamin A deficiency cause?
Night blindness Xerophthalmia Keratinization of epithelial tissues
68
Which vitamin is considers a prohormone?
Vitamin D
69
What are the two forms that vitamin D is found in?
Cholecalciferol (D3) Ergocalciferol (D2)
70
Which form of vitamin D is found in plants/dietary supplements?
Ergocalciferol
71
Which form of vitamin D MAY be more effective at increasing levels of vitamin D in the blood?
D3
72
Where are vitamin D2 and 3 absorbed?
Small intestine as part of a micelle
73
How do vitamin D 3 and 2 circulate?
Circulate through the lymph system as chylomicrons
74
Where are vitamin D2 and D3 stored after circulating through the lymph system?
Liver
75
What are the 2 metabolic functions of vitamin D?
Bone Growth May prevent some cancers/autoimmune disorders/diabetes May regulate blood pressure
76
Which hormone stimulates the kidney to increase the amount of active vitamin D?
PTH
77
How much can vitamin D reduce risk of T1 diabetes in adults?
by 50%
78
Which type of diabetes is associated with low blood vitamin D levels?
Type 2
79
What is the daily needs for vitamin D in adults?
15-20 micrograms per day
80
What is the Upper Limit for vitamin D in adults?
100 micrograms/day
81
What is the daily need for vitamin D in children?
15 micrograms/day
82
What is the Upper Limit for vitamin D in children?
50 micrograms/day
83
Which vitamin deficiency can cause hypercalcemia?
Vitamin D toxicity
84
What vitamin deficiency in children causes Rickets?
Vitamin D deficiency
85
How is vitamin E absorbed/transported in the body?
Chylomicrons-lymph-circulation-liver
86
Where is excess vitamin E excreted?
Bile Urine Feces Skin Pores
87
Which vitamin helps protect cell membranes by preventing the oxidation of LDL cholesterol?
Vitamin E
88
What is the daily need for Vitamin E in adults?
15 mg/day
89
What is the Upper Limit of vitamin E in adults?
1,000 mg/day
90
What is the current suspicion of the Upper Limit for vitamin E?
Currently believed to be too high
91
Toxicity of which vitamin can lead to increased risk of a hemorrhage?
Vitamin E toxicity
92
Where is most vitamin K absorbed?
the jejunum
93
What percentage of vitamin K is produced by bacteria in the colon?
10%
94
How is vitamin K absorbed/stored?
Chylomicrons-liver
95
How is most excess vitamin K excreted?
Mostly bound to bile
96
Which vitamin aids in regulating blood clotting?
Vitamin K
97
Which vitamin blood-level is lowered by anticoagulation medications?
Vitamin K
98
Which vitamin helps promote strong bones by interacting with proteins?
Vitamin K
99
What is the daily need of vitamin K for male adults?
120 micrograms/day
100
What is the daily need for vitamin K in female adults?
90 micrograms/day
101
Which vitamin toxicity is not known to cause adverse effects?
Vitamin K
102
Do vitamin supplements require FDA approval to be put on the market?
NO
103
What is the only way for vitamin supplements to be banned from shelves?
If they have been shown to be unsafe or cause harm
104
How should one choose a vitamin supplement?
Choose supplements with the TSP seal
105
What does the USP verified mark guarantee on the label?
Ingredient list Declared potency Amounts

Nutrition Exam 3 (6 decks)

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