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Micro: Exam 1 > Ch. 9 Study Guide > Flashcards

Ch. 9 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Heredity

A

the transmission of an organism’s genome to the next generation by chromosomes

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2
Q

Genome

A

The sum total of genetic material carried within a cell (chromosomes/genes/DNA)

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3
Q

Gene

A

A site on a chromosome that provides information for a certain cell function-a DNA segment with the necessary code for a protein or an RNA molecule

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4
Q

Phenotype

A

The observable characteristics of an organism produced by the expression of its genetic potential

-includes any morphological and physiological traits

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5
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup of an organism as inherited from parents- ultimately responsible for the phenotype

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6
Q

What is the central dogma of biology?

A

DNA –> RNA –> Protein

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7
Q

Is there any difference between the basic nature of genetic material in eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses?

A

Genomes of cells are composed exclusively of DNA, but viruses contain either DNA or RNA as the principal genetic material

Eukaryotic chromosomes are DNA wrapped around histone proteins, while bacterial chromosomes are condensed and secured via a different protein

Bacteria have single, circular chromosomes

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8
Q

What kinds of monomers make up DNA, RNA, and proteins?

A

DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotides. Each have 4 types, (RNA has uracil instead of adenine)

Proteins are made up of amino acids. There are 20 kinds of amino acids

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9
Q

List three major differences between DNA and RNA structure

A

DNA has the nucleotide adenine instead of uracil.

DNA is a double-stranded molecule.

DNA has a deoxyribose sugar, not a ribose sugar

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10
Q

Describe elongation of replication

A

DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the leading strand.
Primase enzyme adds Okizaki fragments of nucleotides to the lagging strand so that DNA Polymerase can begin working.

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11
Q

Describe termination in DNA replication

A

the fork reaches the termination site, disconnecting the new DNA strand

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12
Q

Describe initiation of DNA Replication

A

Helicase enzymes bind to DNA at Origin of Replication, untwist helix, and break bonds between 2 strands

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13
Q

Where is DNA replication initiated in bacteria?

A

Nucleoid

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14
Q

What does semiconservative replication mean?

A

The parent (template) DNA is retained in the final molecule

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15
Q

What does DNA polymerase do during DNA Replication?

A

Adds nucleotides to template strands

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16
Q

What does Primase do during DNA Replication?

A

Creates short stretches of nucleotides to lagging strands, allowing DNA Polymerase to synthesize DNA in the 3 to 5 direction

17
Q

What does Helicase do during DNA Replication?

A

Unzips DNA template

18
Q

What does Ligase do during DNA Replication?

A

Bonds okazaki fragments, chemically bonding then together

19
Q

What does Gyrase do during DNA Replication?

A

Supercoils the replicated DNA back together

20
Q

What does antiparallel mean when describing DNA?

A

the double helix’s strands run in opposite directions

21
Q

How many replication forks are present during the replication of a bacterial chromosome?

A

Two

22
Q

What does RNA polymerase bind to/recognize?

A

Promotor region

23
Q

What is a codon?

A

a set of 3 nucleotides

24
Q

Is the genetic code universal?

A

Yes (very few exceptions)

25
Q

Why is the genetic code described as being degenerate but not ambiguous?

A

Degeneracy=redundancy: a particular amino acid can be coded for by more than one codon.

The genetic code is unambiguous because one codon codes for only one amino acid.

26
Q

What types of RNA are required during translation?

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

27
Q

Describe the structure of bacterial ribosomes

A

rRNA + protein
large subunit: 50 S
small subunit: 30 S
Total bacterial ribosome: 70 S

28
Q

What initiator tRNA is used by bacteria?

A

formyl methionine (start codon AUG)

29
Q

How is translation terminated?

A

Ribosome reaches stop codon on mRNA (not necessarily the last codon)

30
Q
A

Micro: Exam 1 (3 decks)

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