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Micro: Exam 1 > Ch. 4 Study Guide > Flashcards

Ch. 4 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

List the two characteristics typically used to describe prokaryotic cells

A
  1. Lack nucleus
  2. Lack organelles
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2
Q

What are the characteristics we ascribe to living cells?

A

Reproduction
Heredity
Growth
Responsiveness
Metabolism
Transport

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3
Q

How can a bacteria exhibit reproduction?

A

Conjugation

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4
Q

How can a bacteria exhibit heredity?

A

DNA replication

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5
Q

How can a bacteria exhibit growth?

A

Increasing in population size or enlargement of individual size via maturation

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6
Q

How can a bacteria exhibit responsiveness?

A

Reacting to stimuli such as light, chemicals, or other cells.
-Chemotaxis

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7
Q

How can a bacteria exhibit metabolism?

A

Enzymes create cell components or produce energy

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8
Q

How can a bacteria exhibit transport?

A

Carrying substances in/out of cell, secreting substances, excreting waste, relies on cell membrane

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9
Q

What are the two major types of prokaryotic cells?

A

Bacteria
Archaea

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10
Q

Describe the coccus shape

A

Spherical ball-shaped

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11
Q

Describe the bacillus shape

A

cylindrical, rod-like

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12
Q

Describe the spirilla shape

A

Rigid spiral shape
External flagella

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13
Q

Describe the vibrio shape

A

A gently curved rod

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14
Q

Describe the spirochete shape

A

A coiled, loose spiral with endoflagella, flexes as it moves

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15
Q

Describe pleomorphism

A

Normal variability of cell shapes in a single species

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16
Q

Describe the coccobacillus shape

A

Short and plump, en elongated coccus

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17
Q

What is an arrangement?

A

A bacteria’s style of grouping

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18
Q

Describe a diplo arrangement

A

pairs of 2

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19
Q

Describe a strepto arrangement

A

a chain

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20
Q

Describe a staphylo arrangement

A

irregular clusters

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21
Q

Describe a sarcinae arrangement

A

A cubical packet or 8, 16, or more

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22
Q

Describe a tetrad arrangement

A

Group of 4

23
Q

Describe a palisades arrangement

A

Rows of a fence post

24
Q

What is the size difference between a typical bacterial cell and a typical plant/animal cell?

A

Skin cell: 30 micrometers
Bacteria: much smallet

25
Q

What is the primary factor that determines the size and shape of a bacterial cell?

A

Cell wall

26
Q

What is the surface area to volume ratio?

A

The smaller the cell, the bigger the SA/V ratio

27
Q

Compare the S/V ratio between a coccus and bacillus shaped bacteria

A

Coccus will have a higher S/V ratio

28
Q

What are the major types of lipids typically found in bacterial membranes?

A

Phospholipids: bilayer
Lipoproteins

29
Q

Define selective permeability

A

Allowing certain substances through

30
Q

Define passive diffusion.
Does is require energy?
Provide an example.

A

The substance is propelled down its concentration gradient. No energy is required.
Osmosis

31
Q

Define facilitated diffusion.
Does it require energy?
Provide an example.

A

Specialized carrier proteins move a substance from high to low concentration.
No energy is required.
Glycerol uniporter in E. coli

32
Q

Define active transport.
Does it require energy?
Provide an example.

A

Substance transport (up or down a gradient) that requires a carrier protein and energy.
Acquires energy from ATP.
Carrier-mediated active transport.

33
Q

What is peptidoglycan?
Describe the basic structure.
How do they connect?

A

Network of polysaccharide chains. Forms a latticework.
Cross-linked by short peptides.

34
Q

Compare/contrast G-positive cell walls and G-negative cell walls.

A

G-positive:
-thick peptidoglycan cell wall
-cell membrane

G-Negative:
-Outer membrane of peptidoglycan, with lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins
-Thinner cell wall of peptidoglycan
-cell membrane

35
Q

What are the three basic parts of lipopolysaccharides?

A
  1. Lipid molecules
  2. Polysaccharides
  3. G-negative lipopolysaccharides work as endotoxins (lipid component)
36
Q

Describe a capsule, it’s composition, and function

A

Loose, gel-like covering or slime.
Made of simple polysaccharides.
Protection and Virulence.

37
Q

Describe a slime layer, its composition, and function

A

Loose glycocalyx.
Simple polysaccharides.
Hydration, nutrient retention, and adhesion

38
Q

Describe fimbriae, their composition, and functions

A

Bristle-like fibers.
Mostly protein.
Adhesion, biofilm formation, aids in invasion.

39
Q

Describe flagella, their composition, and functions

A

Long projections for cell motility

40
Q

Describe pili, their composition, and functions

A

Appendages of pilin (protein) used for DNA transfer between cells: Conjugation

41
Q

Do bacteria have cytoskeletons?

A

Yes: made of Actin

42
Q

What are two differences between axial filaments and flagella

A

Axial Filaments: endoflagella in the periplasmic space of spirochetes, aka Periplasmic Flagella

Flagella: external, not endoflagella, not in spirochetes

43
Q

Define monotrichous flagella

A

a cell with a single flagella on one end

44
Q

Define lophotrichous

A

bacteria with a tuft of flagella on one or both ends

45
Q

Define peritrichous

A

Bacteria with flagella dispersed all over the cell

46
Q

Define amphitrichous

A

bacteria with a single flagellum or a tuft of flagella on opposite ends

47
Q

What is a polar flagellar arrangement?

A

Flagella at one or both ends of cell

48
Q

How do flagellar swimming motility and spirochete flagellar motility differ?

A

Flagellar swimming involves runs and tumbles (smooth linear counterclockwise movement vs. reversal via clockwise movement)

Spirochete endoflagella contract and twist/flex the cell to move

49
Q

Why is bacterial chemotaxis referred to as a “biased random walk” ?

A

The runs and tumbles caused by flagellar reversal

50
Q

How does an endospore’s basic structure/unique molecules contribute to its resistance to environmental stress?

A

Dipicolinic acid and calcium concentrations provide an endospore’s heat resistance by dehydrating the cell.

Heat requires a certain amount of water to destroy proteins and bacteria

51
Q

Why are bacterial endospores of particular concern to the food industry?

A

They can inhabit soil and dust.
They resist ordinary cleaning methods such as boiling water, soaps, etc.
Require pressurized steam at 120 degrees C for 20-30 mins to safely can food.

52
Q

What are the three purposes of taxonomic systems?

A

Identification
Nomenclature
Classification

53
Q

What is the value/practical application of each of the 3 objectives of a taxonomic system?

A

Identification: define systematic and specific criteria to determine an organism’s identity

Nomenclature: naming system that supports communication and reflects their classification

Classification: group related organisms that reflect and describe evolutionary relationships

Micro: Exam 1 (3 decks)

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