Ch 9 Social Interaction

Question 1

Status

Answer 1

Position in society that is used to classify someone

Question 2

Ascribed status

Answer 2

One that is given involuntarily - based on factors such as race, ethnicity, gender, and family background

Question 3

Achieved status

Answer 3

Gained as a result of one’s efforts or choices

Question 4

Master status

Answer 4

Status by which a person is most identified; typically most important status and affects all aspects of life; may cause pigeonholing (viewing ind only through lens of master status)

Question 5

Role

Answer 5

Set of beliefs, values, attitudes and norms that define expectations for those who hold the status

Question 6

Role performance

Answer 6

Carrying out of behaviors associated with role

Question 7

Role partner

Answer 7

Person with whom one is interacting

Question 8

Role set

Answer 8

Various roles associated with a status

Question 9

Role conflict

Answer 9

Difficulty satisfying requirements and expectations of multiple roles

Question 10

Role strain

Answer 10

Difficulty satisfying multiple expectations of the same role

Question 11

Role exit

Answer 11

Dropping of one identity for another

Question 12

Group

Answer 12

Two or more people who share similar characteristics and a sense of unity.
Difference between social group and just a group of people

Question 13

In-group

Answer 13

Groups to which an ind belongs

Question 14

Outgroup

Answer 14

Group with which ind competes or is in opposition

Question 15

Reference groups

Answer 15

Groups that establish the terms by which inds evaluate themselves

Question 16

Primary group

Answer 16

Direct interactions, close bonds intimate relationships with members

Question 17

Secondary group

Answer 17

Superficial interactions with few emotional bonds. Often temporary

Question 18

Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft

Answer 18

Tonnies’s theory is “community and society”.
Gemeinschaft (community) refers to groups unified by feelings of togetherness due to shared belief, ancestry or geography.
Gesellschaft (society) refers to groups formed because of mutual self-interests working toward the same goal

Question 19

Interaction process analysis

Answer 19

Technique for observing l, classifying and measuring the interactions within small groups.
Revised to system for multiple level observation of groups (SYMLOG)

Question 20

System of multiple level observation of groups (SYMLOG)

Answer 20

Based on the belief that there are three fundamental dimensions of interaction: dominance vs. submission, friendliness vs. unfriendliness, and instrumentally controlled vs. emotionally expressive

Question 21

Group conformity

Answer 21

Group holds power over its members creating group pressure that ultimately shapes members’ behavior. Compliant even when the group goals are in direct contrast to personal goals

Question 22

Network

Answer 22

Describes the observable pattern of social relationships among inds or groups. Patterns determined by mapping interactions. Benefits and constraints or obligations

Question 23

Immediate networks

Answer 23

Dense with strong ties

Question 24

Distant networks

Answer 24

Looser and contain weaker ties

Question 25

Organizations

Answer 25

Entities that are set up to achieve specific goals and are characterized by having a structure and a culture

Question 26

Formal organizations

Answer 26

Different from groups - continue despite the departure of an ind member; expressed goals generally in written format; characterized by the hierarchical allotment of formal roles or duties to members. These can be quite large

Question 27

Characteristic institution

Answer 27

This changes throughout history. Once clans or family. Now the bureaucracy

Question 28

Bureaucracy

Answer 28

Rational system of political organization, administration, discipline and control. Generally six characteristics: paid, nonelected officials on fixed salary, officials who are provided rights and privileges as a result of making their career out of holding office, regular salary increases seniority rights or promotions upon passing exams or milestones; officials who enter by holding advanced degree or training, responsibilities obligations rigidly defined by organization, responsibility for meeting the demands of one’s position. Slow to change and less efficient

Question 29

Iron law of oligarchy

Answer 29

Democratic or bureaucratic systems naturally shift to being riled by an elite group. Because of need for few to carry out assignments and need for specialization

Question 30

McDonaldization

Answer 30

Commonly used to refer to a shift in focus toward efficiency, predictability l, calculability, and control in societies

Question 31

Self presentation

Answer 31

Process of displaying oneself to society through culturally accepted behaviors. People use specific strategies to shape what others will think of them.
Often used interchangeably with impression management

Question 32

Basic model of emotional expression

Answer 32

First established by Darwin who stated that emotional expression involves a number of components: facial, behaviors, postures, vocal changes, psychological changes. Similar across cultures

Question 33

Appraisal model

Answer 33

There are biologically predetermined expressions once an emotion is experienced but that there is a cognitive antecedent to emotional expression

Question 34

Social construction model

Answer 34

Assumes there is no biological basis for emotions but they’re based in experiences in the situational context alone. Certain emotions can only exist within social encounters and that emotions are expressed differently and play different roles across cultures

Question 35

Display rules

Answer 35

Cultural expectations of emotions. Govern which emotions can be expressed and to what degree

Question 36

Cultural syndrome

Answer 36

Shared set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, values, and behaviors among members of the same culture that are organized around a central theme. Influence rules for expressing or suppressing emotions and can influence the way emotions are experienced. Example - in America happiness is individual and internal. In Japan it is rational and collective

Question 37

Impression management

Answer 37

Refers to our attempt to influence how others perceive us. Done through regulation or controlling of info in social interactions. Often used synonymously with self presentation. Three selves: the authentic (who the person actually is, including positive and negative attributes) the ideal (who we would like to be under optimal conditions), and the tactical (who we market ourselves to be when we adhere to others’ expectations of us)

Question 38

Self disclosure

Answer 38

Giving information about yourself to establish an identity

Question 39

Managing appearances

Answer 39

Using props, appearance, emotional expression, or associations with others to create a positive image

Question 40

Ingratiation

Answer 40

Using flattery or conforming to expectations to win someone over

Question 41

Aligning actions

Answer 41

Making questionable behavior acceptable through excuses

Question 42

Alter-casting

Answer 42

Imposing an identity onto another person. As a good mcat student you should….

Question 43

Dramaturgical approach

Answer 43

Erving Goffman - metaphor of a theatrical performance to describe how individuals create images of themselves in various situations. One’s status is a part in a performance. One’s role is the script.

Question 44

Front stage

Answer 44

Irving Goffman’s dramaturgical approach - this is where the actor is in front of the audience, and performs according to the setting, role, and script in order to conform to the image he wants others to see

Question 45

Back stage

Answer 45

In Irving Goffman’s dramaturgical approach- where actor is not being observed by an audience and he is free to act in ways that may not be congruent with his desired public image without having to worry about ruining his performance

Question 46

Communication

Answer 46

Ability to convey info by speech, writing, signals, or behavior

Question 47

Verbal communication

Answer 47

Transmission of info via use of words, whether spoken, written or signed. Often dependent on nonverbal cues

Question 48

Nonverbal communication

Answer 48

Refers to how people communicate, intentionally or unintentionally, without words.

Question 49

Animal communication

Answer 49

Defined as any behavior of one animal that affects the behavior of another